---
title: "Systems Analysis Wiki Catalog (اردو)"
source: "https://systems-analysis.info/int/Systems_Analysis_Wiki_Catalog_(%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88)"
wiki: "systems-analysis.info/int"
article: "Systems_Analysis_Wiki_Catalog_(اردو)"
language: "ur"
categories:
  - "Category:Catalogs"
  - "Category:Indexes"
  - "Category:Urdu"
revision_id: 7387
wiki_created_at: 2026-09-07T01:01:06Z
wiki_modified_at: 2026-09-07T01:01:06Z
downloaded_at: 2026-09-07T23:18:47Z
---

# Systems Analysis Wiki Catalog (اردو)

**Systems Analysis Wiki** محققین، طلباء اور مختلف شعبوں کے پیشہ ور افراد کے لیے ایک معلوماتی وسیلے اور حوالہ جاتی ماخذ کے طور پر کام کرتا ہے۔

**اہم!** اس وقت **Systems Analysis Wiki** تجرباتی حالت میں ہے اور زیرِ تشکیل ہے۔ اسے ملاحظہ کرنے کی سفارش کی جاتی ہے۔

## نظامی نقطۂ نظر

- [نظامی نقطہ نظر](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Systems_approach_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%DB%81_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1 "Systems approach — نظامی نقطہ نظر")
- [نظریہ نظام](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Systems_theory_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85 "Systems theory — نظریہ نظام")
- [نظامی تجزیہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Systems_analysis_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81 "Systems analysis — نظامی تجزیہ")
- [آئی ٹی میں سسٹم تجزیہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Systems_analysis_in_IT_%E2%80%94_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81 "Systems analysis in IT — آئی ٹی میں سسٹم تجزیہ")
- [سسٹمی نقطۂ نظر کی ترقی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/History_of_the_systems_approach_%E2%80%94_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%DB%82_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C "History of the systems approach — سسٹمی نقطۂ نظر کی ترقی")
- [نظامی تجزیہ کا طریقہ کار](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Systems_analysis_methodology_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1 "Systems analysis methodology — نظامی تجزیہ کا طریقہ کار")
- [نظامی تجزیے کے کلاسیکی طریقے](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Classical_methodologies_of_systems_analysis_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%92_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%92 "Classical methodologies of systems analysis — نظامی تجزیے کے کلاسیکی طریقے")
- [نظاموں کی تصوراتی بنیادیں](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Conceptual_foundations_of_systems_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%BA "Conceptual foundations of systems — نظاموں کی تصوراتی بنیادیں")
- [سسٹم تجزیے کے بنیادی تصورات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Core_concepts_of_systems_analysis_%E2%80%94_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA "Core concepts of systems analysis — سسٹم تجزیے کے بنیادی تصورات")
- [نظامی سوچ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Systems_thinking_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%86 "Systems thinking — نظامی سوچ")
- [نظام (UR)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_(UR) "System — نظام (UR)")
- [نظام کا تصور](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Concept_of_a_system_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1 "Concept of a system — نظام کا تصور")
- [نظام کی تعریفیں](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Definitions_of_a_system_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%BA "Definitions of a system — نظام کی تعریفیں")
- [نظامیت](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Systemness_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA "Systemness — نظامیت")
- [نظامی کلیت پسندی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Systems_holism_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C "Systems holism — نظامی کلیت پسندی")
- [نظامی یکپارچگی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_integrity_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%DA%AF%DB%8C "System integrity — نظامی یکپارچگی")
- [نظاموں کی خصوصیات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Properties_of_systems_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA "Properties of systems — نظاموں کی خصوصیات")
- [نظاموں کی قانونی صورت حال](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Regularities_of_systems_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84 "Regularities of systems — نظاموں کی قانونی صورت حال")
- [نظام کی ساخت](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_structure_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA "System structure — نظام کی ساخت")
- [نظاموں کی ساخت بندی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_structuring_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C "System structuring — نظاموں کی ساخت بندی")
- [درجہ بندی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Hierarchy_%E2%80%94_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C "Hierarchy — درجہ بندی")
- [نظاموں میں روابط](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Connections_in_systems_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%BA_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7 "Connections in systems — نظاموں میں روابط")
- [نظام کی حدود](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_boundary_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF "System boundary — نظام کی حدود")
- [ابھار (اِمرجنٹنس)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Emergence_%E2%80%94_%D8%A7%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%86%D8%B3) "Emergence — ابھار (اِمرجنٹنس)")
- [نظام کا توازن](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_equilibrium_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86 "System equilibrium — نظام کا توازن")
- [نظام کا ماحول](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_environment_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84 "System environment — نظام کا ماحول")
- [عنصرِ نظام](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_element_%E2%80%94_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%90_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85 "System element — عنصرِ نظام")
- [مقصد](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Goal_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%AF "Goal — مقصد")
- [سسٹم تجزیے میں ہدف](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Goal_(systems_analysis)_%E2%80%94_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%92_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%DB%81%D8%AF%D9%81 "Goal (systems analysis) — سسٹم تجزیے میں ہدف")
- [فنکشن](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Function_%E2%80%94_%D9%81%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86 "Function — فنکشن")
- [سرگرمی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Activity_%E2%80%94_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C "Activity — سرگرمی")
- [مسئلہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Problem_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%81 "Problem — مسئلہ")
- [نظامی تجزیہ کے تناظر میں مسئلہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Problem_in_the_context_of_systems_analysis_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%81 "Problem in the context of systems analysis — نظامی تجزیہ کے تناظر میں مسئلہ")
- [ہدف سازی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Goal_setting_%E2%80%94_%DB%81%D8%AF%D9%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C "Goal setting — ہدف سازی")
- [عمل](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Process_%E2%80%94_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84 "Process — عمل")
- [ماڈلنگ کا عمل](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Modeling_process_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84 "Modeling process — ماڈلنگ کا عمل")
- [ماڈل سازی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Modeling_(scientific)_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C "Modeling (scientific) — ماڈل سازی")
- [ماڈل](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Model_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84 "Model — ماڈل")
- [نظام کا ماڈل](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_model_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84 "System model — نظام کا ماڈل")
- [مثالی اور مادی ماڈل](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Ideal_and_material_models_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84 "Ideal and material models — مثالی اور مادی ماڈل")
- [نظام کے ماڈلوں کی رسمی کاری](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Formalization_of_system_models_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C "Formalization of system models — نظام کے ماڈلوں کی رسمی کاری")
- [نظام کی وضاحت کی زبان](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Languages_for_system_description_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86 "Languages for system description — نظام کی وضاحت کی زبان")
- [تجزیہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Decomposition_%E2%80%94_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81 "Decomposition — تجزیہ")
- [ذیلی نظام](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Subsystem_%E2%80%94_%D8%B0%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85 "Subsystem — ذیلی نظام")
- [ان پٹ اور آؤٹ پٹ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Inputs_and_outputs_(systems_theory)_%E2%80%94_%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%A4%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D9%B9 "Inputs and outputs (systems theory) — ان پٹ اور آؤٹ پٹ")
- [نظام کی حالت](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_state_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA "System state — نظام کی حالت")
- [نظام کا رویہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_behavior_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81 "System behavior — نظام کا رویہ")
- [نظامی حرکیات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_dynamics_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA "System dynamics — نظامی حرکیات")
- [نظامی پیچیدگی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_complexity_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C "System complexity — نظامی پیچیدگی")
- [خود منظم نظام](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Self-organizing_systems_%E2%80%94_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85 "Self-organizing systems — خود منظم نظام")
- [میٹاسسٹم](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Metasystem_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85 "Metasystem — میٹاسسٹم")
- [نظاموں کی ترقی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_development_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C "System development — نظاموں کی ترقی")
- [کھلا نظام](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Open_system_(systems_theory)_%E2%80%94_%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85 "Open system (systems theory) — کھلا نظام")
- [بند نظام](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Closed_system_(systems_theory)_%E2%80%94_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85 "Closed system (systems theory) — بند نظام")
- [نظام کا استحکام](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_stability_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85 "System stability — نظام کا استحکام")
- [نظام کی موافقت](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_adaptability_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AA "System adaptability — نظام کی موافقت")
- [فیڈ بیک](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Feedback_(systems)_%E2%80%94_%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9 "Feedback (systems) — فیڈ بیک")
- [ہومیوسٹاسس](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Homeostasis_%E2%80%94_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B3 "Homeostasis — ہومیوسٹاسس")
- [متحرک خصوصیات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Dynamic_properties_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA "Dynamic properties — متحرک خصوصیات")
- [مساوی الانتہائیت](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Equifinality_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA "Equifinality — مساوی الانتہائیت")
- Uncertainty in a System
- [بلیک باکس](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Black_box_%E2%80%94_%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3 "Black box — بلیک باکس")
- [نظامی نقطہ نظر میں مشاہدہ کنندہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Observer_in_the_systems_approach_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%DB%81_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%81_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%81 "Observer in the systems approach — نظامی نقطہ نظر میں مشاہدہ کنندہ")
- [نظامی تجزیہ مین معروضی اور موضوعی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Objective_and_subjective_in_systems_analysis_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C "Objective and subjective in systems analysis — نظامی تجزیہ مین معروضی اور موضوعی")
- [سسٹمز کی ماڈلنگ کے طریقوں کی درجہ بندی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Classification_of_system_modeling_methods_%E2%80%94_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C "Classification of system modeling methods — سسٹمز کی ماڈلنگ کے طریقوں کی درجہ بندی")
- [نظاموں کی درجہ بندی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Classification_of_systems_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C "Classification of systems — نظاموں کی درجہ بندی")
- Classifications of System Modeling Methods
- [سسٹمی نقطۂ نظر کے بنیادی تصورات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Core_concepts_of_systems_approach_%E2%80%94_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%DB%82_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA "Core concepts of systems approach — سسٹمی نقطۂ نظر کے بنیادی تصورات")
- [نظامی تحقیقات۔ سالنامہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Systems_Research_Yearbook_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%94_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81 "Systems Research Yearbook — نظامی تحقیقات۔ سالنامہ")
- Literature on the Systems Approach
- Literature on Systems Analysis
- Systems Approach. Section Catalog

## بڑے لسانی ماڈل (LLM)

- [بڑے لسانی ماڈل](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Large_language_model_%E2%80%94_%D8%A8%DA%91%DB%92_%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84 "Large language model — بڑے لسانی ماڈل")
- [LLM کی نظریاتی بنیادیں](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Theoretical_foundations_of_large_language_models_%E2%80%94_LLM_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%BA "Theoretical foundations of large language models — LLM کی نظریاتی بنیادیں")
- [بڑے لسانی ماڈلز کی معماریاں](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Large_language_model_architectures_%E2%80%94_%D8%A8%DA%91%DB%92_%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D8%B2_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA "Large language model architectures — بڑے لسانی ماڈلز کی معماریاں")
- [ٹرانسفارمر آرکیٹیکچر](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Transformer_architecture_%E2%80%94_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%86%D8%B1 "Transformer architecture — ٹرانسفارمر آرکیٹیکچر")
- [Encoder (Transformer)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Encoder_(Transformer)_(UR) "Encoder (Transformer) (UR)")
- Decoder
- Encoder-only
- Decoder-only
- Encoder-Decoder
- [Tokenization (NLP)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Tokenization_(NLP)_(UR) "Tokenization (NLP) (UR)")
- [Token (LLM)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Token_(LLM)_(UR) "Token (LLM) (UR)")
- [Embedding (NLP)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Embedding_(NLP)_(UR) "Embedding (NLP) (UR)")
- [بڑے لغوی ماڈلز میں سیاق و سباق کی کھڑکی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Context_window_%E2%80%94_%D8%A8%DA%91%DB%92_%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DA%BE%DA%91%DA%A9%DB%8C "Context window — بڑے لغوی ماڈلز میں سیاق و سباق کی کھڑکی")
- [بڑے لسانی ماڈلز کی تربیت](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Training_large_language_models_%E2%80%94_%D8%A8%DA%91%DB%92_%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D8%B2_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA "Training large language models — بڑے لسانی ماڈلز کی تربیت")
- [پری ٹریننگ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Pre-training_of_large_language_models_%E2%80%94_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF "Pre-training of large language models — پری ٹریننگ")
- [Fine-tuning (deep learning)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Fine-tuning_(deep_learning)_(UR) "Fine-tuning (deep learning) (UR)")
- [In-Context Learning](https://systems-analysis.info/int/In-Context_Learning_(UR) "In-Context Learning (UR)")
- [Top-p sampling](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Top-p_sampling_(UR) "Top-p sampling (UR)")
- [Top-k sampling](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Top-k_sampling_(UR) "Top-k sampling (UR)")
- [Temperature (LLM)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Temperature_(LLM)_(UR) "Temperature (LLM) (UR)")
- [LLM کی غلط اور خیالی معلومات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/LLM_hallucinations_%E2%80%94_LLM_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA "LLM hallucinations — LLM کی غلط اور خیالی معلومات")
- [ڈیٹا میں انحراف اور تعصب](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Bias_in_large_language_models_%E2%80%94_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8 "Bias in large language models — ڈیٹا میں انحراف اور تعصب")
- [سیاقی بھول](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Contextual_forgetting_%E2%80%94_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84 "Contextual forgetting — سیاقی بھول")
- [Generation bias (LLM)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Generation_bias_(LLM)_(UR) "Generation bias (LLM) (UR)")
- [Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Mixture-of-Experts_(MoE)_(UR) "Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) (UR)")
- [LLM میں غلطیوں کا تدارک](https://systems-analysis.info/int/LLM_error_mitigation_%E2%80%94_LLM_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9 "LLM error mitigation — LLM میں غلطیوں کا تدارک")
- [LLM کے استعمال کی لاگت کی اصلاح](https://systems-analysis.info/int/LLM_cost_optimization_%E2%80%94_LLM_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD "LLM cost optimization — LLM کے استعمال کی لاگت کی اصلاح")
- [کھلے اور بند وزن کے ماڈلز](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Open-weight_and_closed-weight_models_%E2%80%94_%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%84%DB%92_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D8%B2 "Open-weight and closed-weight models — کھلے اور بند وزن کے ماڈلز")
- Constitutional AI
- [قابلِ وضاحت مصنوعی ذہانت](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Explainable_AI_%E2%80%94_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%90_%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA "Explainable AI — قابلِ وضاحت مصنوعی ذہانت")
- [Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback_(RLHF)_(UR) "Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) (UR)")
- [Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Direct_Preference_Optimization_(DPO)_(UR) "Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) (UR)")
- [Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Low-Rank_Adaptation_(LoRA)_(UR) "Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) (UR)")
- [PEFT (Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/PEFT_(Parameter-Efficient_Fine-Tuning)_(UR) "PEFT (Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning) (UR)")
- [ویکٹر ڈیٹا بیسز](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Vector_database_%E2%80%94_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B2 "Vector database — ویکٹر ڈیٹا بیسز")
- [ملٹی موڈل بڑے زبانی ماڈل](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Multimodal_large_language_models_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%DA%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%DA%91%DB%92_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84 "Multimodal large language models — ملٹی موڈل بڑے زبانی ماڈل")
- [Jailbreaks (LLM)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Jailbreaks_(LLM)_(UR) "Jailbreaks (LLM) (UR)")
- [FlashAttention](https://systems-analysis.info/int/FlashAttention_(UR) "FlashAttention (UR)")
- [FlashAttention-2](https://systems-analysis.info/int/FlashAttention-2_(UR) "FlashAttention-2 (UR)")
- [FlashAttention-3](https://systems-analysis.info/int/FlashAttention-3_(UR) "FlashAttention-3 (UR)")
- [Stop sequences (language models)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Stop_sequences_(language_models)_(UR) "Stop sequences (language models) (UR)")
- [مصنوعی ڈیٹا کی تخلیق](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Synthetic_data_generation_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82 "Synthetic data generation — مصنوعی ڈیٹا کی تخلیق")
- [ملٹی موڈل استدلال](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Multimodal_reasoning_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%DA%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84 "Multimodal reasoning — ملٹی موڈل استدلال")
- [تصادفی طوطا](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Stochastic_parrot_%E2%80%94_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7 "Stochastic parrot — تصادفی طوطا")
- Large Language Models. Section Catalog

## بڑے لسانی ماڈلوں کا کیٹلاگ (LLM)

- [T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/T5_(Text-to-Text_Transfer_Transformer)_(UR) "T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer) (UR)")
- [LaMDA (Google)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/LaMDA_(Google)_(UR) "LaMDA (Google) (UR)")
- [PaLM (Pathways Language Model)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/PaLM_(Pathways_Language_Model)_(UR) "PaLM (Pathways Language Model) (UR)")
- [BERT (language model)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/BERT_(language_model)_(UR) "BERT (language model) (UR)")
- [Chinchilla (language model)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Chinchilla_(language_model)_(UR) "Chinchilla (language model) (UR)")
- Huawei PanGu
- [IBM Granite (language model)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/IBM_Granite_(language_model)_(UR) "IBM Granite (language model) (UR)")
- [BLOOM (language model)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/BLOOM_(language_model)_(UR) "BLOOM (language model) (UR)")
- [Mixtral (Mistral AI)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Mixtral_(Mistral_AI)_(UR) "Mixtral (Mistral AI) (UR)")
- [DBRX (language model)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/DBRX_(language_model)_(UR) "DBRX (language model) (UR)")
- [GPT (OpenAI)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/GPT_(OpenAI)_(UR) "GPT (OpenAI) (UR)")
- [Claude (Anthropic)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Claude_(Anthropic)_(UR) "Claude (Anthropic) (UR)")
- [Gemma (Google)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Gemma_(Google)_(UR) "Gemma (Google) (UR)")
- [Gemini (Google)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Gemini_(Google)_(UR) "Gemini (Google) (UR)")
- [LLaMA (Meta AI)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)_(UR) "LLaMA (Meta AI) (UR)")
- [Mistral AI](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Mistral_AI_(UR) "Mistral AI (UR)")
- [DeepSeek](https://systems-analysis.info/int/DeepSeek_(UR) "DeepSeek (UR)")
- [Grok (xAI)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Grok_(xAI)_(UR) "Grok (xAI) (UR)")
- Qwen
- [Phi (Microsoft)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Phi_(Microsoft)_(UR) "Phi (Microsoft) (UR)")
- [Jais (language model)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Jais_(language_model)_(UR) "Jais (language model) (UR)")
- [Jamba (language model)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Jamba_(language_model)_(UR) "Jamba (language model) (UR)")
- [Cohere Inc.](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cohere_Inc._(UR) "Cohere Inc. (UR)")
- Falcon
- [Perplexity AI](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Perplexity_AI_(UR) "Perplexity AI (UR)")
- [YandexGPT (language model)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/YandexGPT_(language_model)_(UR) "YandexGPT (language model) (UR)")
- [Hugging Face](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Hugging_Face_(UR) "Hugging Face (UR)")
- [OpenAI کے بڑے لسانی ماڈلز](https://systems-analysis.info/int/OpenAI%27s_large_language_models_%E2%80%94_OpenAI_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%A8%DA%91%DB%92_%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D8%B2 "OpenAI's large language models — OpenAI کے بڑے لسانی ماڈلز")
- Google Large Language Models
- Large Language Models. Model Catalog

## Prompt انجینیئرنگ (LLM)

- [Prompt (language models)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Prompt_(language_models)_(UR) "Prompt (language models) (UR)")
- Prompt Engineering
- [پرامپٹ اور سیاق](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Prompt_and_context_%E2%80%94_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%82 "Prompt and context — پرامپٹ اور سیاق")
- [پرامپٹ انجینئرنگ کے بنیادی طریقے](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Core_prompt_engineering_techniques_%E2%80%94_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%92 "Core prompt engineering techniques — پرامپٹ انجینئرنگ کے بنیادی طریقے")
- [Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Retrieval-augmented_generation_(RAG)_(UR) "Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) (UR)")
- Chain-of-Thought Prompting
- [Few-shot اور Zero-shot](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Few-Shot_and_Zero-Shot_Learning_%E2%80%94_Few-shot_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_Zero-shot "Few-Shot and Zero-Shot Learning — Few-shot اور Zero-shot")
- [Role Prompting](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Role_Prompting_(UR) "Role Prompting (UR)")
- [Tree of Thoughts (ToT)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Tree_of_Thoughts_(ToT)_(UR) "Tree of Thoughts (ToT) (UR)")
- [Self-Refine Prompting](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Self-Refine_Prompting_(UR) "Self-Refine Prompting (UR)")
- [Self-consistency prompting](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Self-consistency_prompting_(UR) "Self-consistency prompting (UR)")
- [Meta Prompting](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Meta_Prompting_(UR) "Meta Prompting (UR)")
- [Multi-agent prompting](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Multi-agent_prompting_(UR) "Multi-agent prompting (UR)")
- [پرامپٹ کمپریشن](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Prompt_compression_%E2%80%94_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%B9_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86 "Prompt compression — پرامپٹ کمپریشن")
- [Program of Thoughts Prompting](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Program_of_Thoughts_Prompting_(UR) "Program of Thoughts Prompting (UR)")
- [Generated Knowledge Prompting](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Generated_Knowledge_Prompting_(UR) "Generated Knowledge Prompting (UR)")
- [Multimodal CoT Prompting](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Multimodal_CoT_Prompting_(UR) "Multimodal CoT Prompting (UR)")
- [Graph of Thoughts](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Graph_of_Thoughts_(UR) "Graph of Thoughts (UR)")
- [Chain-of-Verification](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Chain-of-Verification_(UR) "Chain-of-Verification (UR)")
- [Toolformer](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Toolformer_(UR) "Toolformer (UR)")
- [Least-to-most Prompting](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Least-to-most_Prompting_(UR) "Least-to-most Prompting (UR)")
- [Automatic Prompt Engineer (APE)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Automatic_Prompt_Engineer_(APE)_(UR) "Automatic Prompt Engineer (APE) (UR)")
- [ReAct Prompting](https://systems-analysis.info/int/ReAct_Prompting_(UR) "ReAct Prompting (UR)")
- [Function calling (LLM)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Function_calling_(LLM)_(UR) "Function calling (LLM) (UR)")
- [آر اے جی پیٹرنز](https://systems-analysis.info/int/RAG_patterns_%E2%80%94_%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%92_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2 "RAG patterns — آر اے جی پیٹرنز")
- GraphRAG
- [MM-RAG (Multimodal RAG)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/MM-RAG_(Multimodal_RAG)_(UR) "MM-RAG (Multimodal RAG) (UR)")
- [Hypothetical Document Embeddings (HyDE)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Hypothetical_Document_Embeddings_(HyDE)_(UR) "Hypothetical Document Embeddings (HyDE) (UR)")
- [Hybrid retrieval](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Hybrid_retrieval_(UR) "Hybrid retrieval (UR)")
- Packaging & Context Handling
- Prompt Engineering. Section Catalog

## AI-ایجنٹ (LLM)

- [AI Agent](https://systems-analysis.info/int/AI_Agent_(UR) "AI Agent (UR)")
- [ایجنٹک ورک فلو](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Agentic_Workflows_%E2%80%94_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%B9%DA%A9_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88 "Agentic Workflows — ایجنٹک ورک فلو")
- [ملٹی ایجنٹ فریم ورک](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Multi-agent_frameworks_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9 "Multi-agent frameworks — ملٹی ایجنٹ فریم ورک")
- LangChain
- [AutoGPT](https://systems-analysis.info/int/AutoGPT_(UR) "AutoGPT (UR)")
- [Multi-Agent Debate](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Multi-Agent_Debate_(UR) "Multi-Agent Debate (UR)")

## تشخیص اور میٹرک موازنہ (LLM)

- [LLM evaluation](https://systems-analysis.info/int/LLM_evaluation_(UR) "LLM evaluation (UR)")
- [بڑے زبانی ماڈلوں کے معیار کی پیمائش](https://systems-analysis.info/int/LLM_quality_metrics_%E2%80%94_%D8%A8%DA%91%DB%92_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B4 "LLM quality metrics — بڑے زبانی ماڈلوں کے معیار کی پیمائش")
- [Perplexity (metric)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Perplexity_(metric)_(UR) "Perplexity (metric) (UR)")
- [BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/BLEU_(Bilingual_Evaluation_Understudy)_(UR) "BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy) (UR)")
- [ROUGE (metric)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/ROUGE_(metric)_(UR) "ROUGE (metric) (UR)")
- [BERTScore (metric)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/BERTScore_(metric)_(UR) "BERTScore (metric) (UR)")
- [METEOR (metric)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/METEOR_(metric)_(UR) "METEOR (metric) (UR)")
- [MAUVE (metric)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/MAUVE_(metric)_(UR) "MAUVE (metric) (UR)")
- [LLM-as-a-Judge](https://systems-analysis.info/int/LLM-as-a-Judge_(UR) "LLM-as-a-Judge (UR)")

## Benchmark اور Dataset (LLM)

- [LLM بینچ مارکس](https://systems-analysis.info/int/LLM_benchmarks_%E2%80%94_LLM_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3 "LLM benchmarks — LLM بینچ مارکس")
- [MMLU Benchmark](https://systems-analysis.info/int/MMLU_Benchmark_(UR) "MMLU Benchmark (UR)")
- HellaSwag benchmark
- [HumanEval Benchmark](https://systems-analysis.info/int/HumanEval_Benchmark_(UR) "HumanEval Benchmark (UR)")
- [TruthfulQA Benchmark](https://systems-analysis.info/int/TruthfulQA_Benchmark_(UR) "TruthfulQA Benchmark (UR)")
- [MT-Bench (benchmark)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/MT-Bench_(benchmark)_(UR) "MT-Bench (benchmark) (UR)")
- [GLUE Benchmark](https://systems-analysis.info/int/GLUE_Benchmark_(UR) "GLUE Benchmark (UR)")
- [SuperGLUE (benchmark)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/SuperGLUE_(benchmark)_(UR) "SuperGLUE (benchmark) (UR)")
- [Humanity's Last Exam (benchmark)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Humanity%27s_Last_Exam_(benchmark)_(UR) "Humanity's Last Exam (benchmark) (UR)")
- [GSM8K (Grade School Math 8K)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/GSM8K_(Grade_School_Math_8K)_(UR) "GSM8K (Grade School Math 8K) (UR)")
- [WinoGrande Benchmark](https://systems-analysis.info/int/WinoGrande_Benchmark_(UR) "WinoGrande Benchmark (UR)")
- [AgentHarm](https://systems-analysis.info/int/AgentHarm_(UR) "AgentHarm (UR)")
- [SafetyBench](https://systems-analysis.info/int/SafetyBench_(UR) "SafetyBench (UR)")
- [SWE-bench (benchmark)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/SWE-bench_(benchmark)_(UR) "SWE-bench (benchmark) (UR)")
- [BIG-bench (benchmark)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/BIG-bench_(benchmark)_(UR) "BIG-bench (benchmark) (UR)")
- [MATH Benchmark](https://systems-analysis.info/int/MATH_Benchmark_(UR) "MATH Benchmark (UR)")
- [FLORES-200](https://systems-analysis.info/int/FLORES-200_(UR) "FLORES-200 (UR)")
- [RealToxicityPrompts](https://systems-analysis.info/int/RealToxicityPrompts_(UR) "RealToxicityPrompts (UR)")
- [PromptRobust (benchmark)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/PromptRobust_(benchmark)_(UR) "PromptRobust (benchmark) (UR)")
- [BOLD (Bias in Open-Ended Language Generation Dataset)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/BOLD_(Bias_in_Open-Ended_Language_Generation_Dataset)_(UR) "BOLD (Bias in Open-Ended Language Generation Dataset) (UR)")
- [BBQ (Bias Benchmark for Question Answering)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/BBQ_(Bias_Benchmark_for_Question_Answering)_(UR) "BBQ (Bias Benchmark for Question Answering) (UR)")
- [LMArena (Chatbot Arena)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/LMArena_(Chatbot_Arena)_(UR) "LMArena (Chatbot Arena) (UR)")
- [زبان کے ماڈلز کی درجہ بندی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Elo_ranking_of_language_models_%E2%80%94_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D8%B2_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C "Elo ranking of language models — زبان کے ماڈلز کی درجہ بندی")

## آپریشنز ریسرچ

- [تحقیقِ عملیات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Operations_research_%E2%80%94_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%90_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA "Operations research — تحقیقِ عملیات")
- [آپریشنز ریسرچ کی ترقی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/History_of_operations_research_%E2%80%94_%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C "History of operations research — آپریشنز ریسرچ کی ترقی")
- [اصولِ تحقیقِ عملیات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Operations_research_methodology_%E2%80%94_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D9%90_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%90_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA "Operations research methodology — اصولِ تحقیقِ عملیات")
- [آپریشن](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Operation_(operations_research)_%E2%80%94_%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86 "Operation (operations research) — آپریشن")
- [اصلاح](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Optimization_%E2%80%94_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD "Optimization — اصلاح")
- [بہترین حل](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Optimal_solution_(optimization)_%E2%80%94_%D8%A8%DB%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%84 "Optimal solution (optimization) — بہترین حل")
- [قابلِ قبول حل کا علاقہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Feasible_region_%E2%80%94_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%90_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81 "Feasible region — قابلِ قبول حل کا علاقہ")
- [معیارِ اصلاح](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Optimization_criterion_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%90_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD "Optimization criterion — معیارِ اصلاح")
- [ہدفی فنکشن](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Objective_function_%E2%80%94_%DB%81%D8%AF%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86 "Objective function — ہدفی فنکشن")
- [پابندیاں](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Constraints_%E2%80%94_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA "Constraints — پابندیاں")
- [حساسیت کا تجزیہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Sensitivity_analysis_%E2%80%94_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81 "Sensitivity analysis — حساسیت کا تجزیہ")
- [آپریشنز ریسرچ کے ماڈلز](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Operations_research_models_%E2%80%94_%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D8%B2 "Operations research models — آپریشنز ریسرچ کے ماڈلز")
- [آپریشنز ریسرچ کے مسائل](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Operations_research_problems_%E2%80%94_%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84 "Operations research problems — آپریشنز ریسرچ کے مسائل")
- [لکیری پروگرامنگ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Linear_programming_%E2%80%94_%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF "Linear programming — لکیری پروگرامنگ")
- [غیر خطی پروگرامنگ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Nonlinear_programming_%E2%80%94_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF "Nonlinear programming — غیر خطی پروگرامنگ")
- [صحیح عددی پروگرامنگ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Integer_programming_%E2%80%94_%D8%B5%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AD_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF "Integer programming — صحیح عددی پروگرامنگ")
- [متحرک پروگرامنگ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Dynamic_programming_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF "Dynamic programming — متحرک پروگرامنگ")
- [اسٹاکیسٹک پروگرامنگ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Stochastic_programming_%E2%80%94_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9%DA%A9_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF "Stochastic programming — اسٹاکیسٹک پروگرامنگ")
- [نقلی ماڈلنگ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Simulation_modeling_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF "Simulation modeling — نقلی ماڈلنگ")
- [نیٹ ورک ماڈلز](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Network_model_(operations_research)_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%D8%B2 "Network model (operations research) — نیٹ ورک ماڈلز")
- [کثیر المقاصد اصلاح](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Multi-objective_optimization_%E2%80%94_%DA%A9%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD "Multi-objective optimization — کثیر المقاصد اصلاح")
- [طریقۂ شاخ و حدود](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Branch_and_bound_%E2%80%94_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%82_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF "Branch and bound — طریقۂ شاخ و حدود")
- [PERT طریقہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/PERT_method_%E2%80%94_PERT_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%81 "PERT method — PERT طریقہ")
- [طریقۂ راہِ بحرانی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Critical_path_method_(CPM)_%E2%80%94_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%82_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%90_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C "Critical path method (CPM) — طریقۂ راہِ بحرانی")
- [تنقیدی راستہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Critical_path_%E2%80%94_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81 "Critical path — تنقیدی راستہ")
- Combinatorial Optimization
- Traveling Salesman Problem
- Minimum Crew Assignment Problem
- Assignment Problem
- Facility Location Problem
- Cutting Stock Problem
- Game Theory Problems
- Queuing System
- Transportation Problem
- Simplex Method
- Interior Point Method
- Markov Random Processes
- Interior Point Method
- Little's Law
- Literature on Operations Research
- Operations Research. Section Catalog

## فیصلہ سازی کا نظریہ

- [نظریۂ فیصلہ سازی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Decision_theory_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%82_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C "Decision theory — نظریۂ فیصلہ سازی")
- [فیصلہ سازی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Decision-making_%E2%80%94_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C "Decision-making — فیصلہ سازی")
- Decision Problem
- Decision Task
- [مسئلہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Problem_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%81 "Problem — مسئلہ")
- [عدم یقین](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Uncertainty_%E2%80%94_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86 "Uncertainty — عدم یقین")
- [خطرہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Risk_%E2%80%94_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%81 "Risk — خطرہ")
- [متبادل](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Alternative_(decision-making)_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84 "Alternative (decision-making) — متبادل")
- [معیار (UR)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Criterion_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_(UR) "Criterion — معیار (UR)")
- [وریانٹس کی تشخیص](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Evaluation_of_alternatives_%E2%80%94_%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B5 "Evaluation of alternatives — وریانٹس کی تشخیص")
- [موازنۂ اختیارات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Comparison_of_alternatives_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%82_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA "Comparison of alternatives — موازنۂ اختیارات")
- [بہترین انتخاب](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Optimal_decision_%E2%80%94_%D8%A8%DB%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8 "Optimal decision — بہترین انتخاب")
- [عقلی انتخاب](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Rational_choice_(decision_theory)_%E2%80%94_%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8 "Rational choice (decision theory) — عقلی انتخاب")
- [انتخاب (UR)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Choice_(decision-making)_%E2%80%94_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8_(UR) "Choice (decision-making) — انتخاب (UR)")
- [فیصلہ درخت](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Decision_tree_%E2%80%94_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA "Decision tree — فیصلہ درخت")
- [میٹرکس فیصلہ سازی ماڈل](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Decision-making_matrix_model_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84 "Decision-making matrix model — میٹرکس فیصلہ سازی ماڈل")
- [طریقہ تجزیۂ درجہ بندی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Analytic_Hierarchy_Process_(AHP)_%E2%80%94_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%81_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%82_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C "Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) — طریقہ تجزیۂ درجہ بندی")
- [کثیر المعیار فیصلوں کا تجزیہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Multi-criteria_decision_analysis_%E2%80%94_%DA%A9%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81 "Multi-criteria decision analysis — کثیر المعیار فیصلوں کا تجزیہ")
- [فیصلہ سازی میں نچلی منطق](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Fuzzy_logic_in_decision-making_%E2%80%94_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%86%DA%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82 "Fuzzy logic in decision-making — فیصلہ سازی میں نچلی منطق")
- [غیر یقینی حالات میں فیصلہ سازی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Decision-making_under_uncertainty_%E2%80%94_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C "Decision-making under uncertainty — غیر یقینی حالات میں فیصلہ سازی")
- [خطرے کے حالات میں فیصلہ سازی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Decision-making_under_risk_%E2%80%94_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C "Decision-making under risk — خطرے کے حالات میں فیصلہ سازی")
- [سیناریو تجزیہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Scenario_analysis_%E2%80%94_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81 "Scenario analysis — سیناریو تجزیہ")
- [ترجیحات (UR)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Preferences_%E2%80%94_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_(UR) "Preferences — ترجیحات (UR)")
- [علمی تعصبات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cognitive_bias_%E2%80%94_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA "Cognitive bias — علمی تعصبات")
- [اجتماعی انتخاب](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Collective_choice_%E2%80%94_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8 "Collective choice — اجتماعی انتخاب")
- [رائے شماری](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Voting_(decision-making)_%E2%80%94_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C "Voting (decision-making) — رائے شماری")
- [افادیت کا نظریہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Utility_theory_%E2%80%94_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81 "Utility theory — افادیت کا نظریہ")
- [فیصلہ سازی کے معیارات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Decision_criteria_%E2%80%94_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA "Decision criteria — فیصلہ سازی کے معیارات")
- [ہروئز معیار](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Hurwicz_criterion_%E2%80%94_%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1 "Hurwicz criterion — ہروئز معیار")
- [معیارِ والڈ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Maximin_criterion_(Wald_criterion)_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%90_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88 "Maximin criterion (Wald criterion) — معیارِ والڈ")
- [معیارِ سیویج](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Minimax_regret_criterion_(Savage_criterion)_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%90_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AC "Minimax regret criterion (Savage criterion) — معیارِ سیویج")
- Laplace's Criterion
- Maximax Criterion
- [معیار ہاج-لیمان](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Hodges-Lehmann_criterion_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86 "Hodges-Lehmann criterion — معیار ہاج-لیمان")
- Bayes' Criterion
- Bayes Minimax Criterion
- Literature on Decision Theory
- Decision Theory. Section Catalog

## Machine Learning اور ڈیٹا تجزیہ

- Data
- Data Analysis
- Big Data
- Data Visualization
- Frameworks and Tools
- Statistical Analysis
- Hypothesis Testing
- Type I and Type II Errors
- Correlation Analysis
- Regression Analysis
- Regression Models
- Analysis of Variance
- Normality of Distribution
- Significance Tests
- Machine Learning
- Basic Concepts of ML
- Learning Paradigms
- Supervised Learning
- Unsupervised Learning
- Reinforcement Learning
- Classification
- Clustering
- Ensemble Methods
- Dimensionality Reduction
- Feature Selection
- Quality Metrics and Model Evaluation
- Overfitting
- Underfitting
- Cross-validation
- Interpretability
- Glossary of Machine Learning
- Deep Learning
- Basic Concepts of Deep Learning
- Theoretical Foundations of DL
- Neural Network Architectures
- Neural Network Training Methods
- Optimization in Neural Network Training
- DL Frameworks and Tools
- Generative Models
- Natural Language Processing
- Computer Vision
- Recommender Systems
- Anomaly Detection
- Time Series Forecasting
- AutoML
- MLOps
- Model Bias and Fairness
- Literature on Machine Learning
- Machine Learning and Data Analysis. Section Catalog

## انتظام

- [انتظام](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Management_%E2%80%94_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85 "Management — انتظام")
- Control Theory
- Systems Analysis in Management
- Black Box Model in Management
- Object of Management
- Subject of Management
- Management Process
- Process Approach
- [منصوبہ بندی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Planning_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C "Planning — منصوبہ بندی")
- Enterprise Management
- Corporate Governance
- Change Management
- Requirements Management
- Enterprise Planning
- Project Management
- [منصوبے کی منصوبہ بندی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Project_planning_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C "Project planning — منصوبے کی منصوبہ بندی")
- Project Lifecycle
- Scope Management
- Cost Management
- [انتظامِ خطرات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Risk_management_%E2%80%94_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%90_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA "Risk management — انتظامِ خطرات")
- Program Management
- Portfolio Management
- Project Management Standards
- Risk Management Standards
- Knowledge Management
- Management Standards
- [معیارات کوالٹی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Quality_standards_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%DB%8C "Quality standards — معیارات کوالٹی")
- PMBOK
- [Agile](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Agile_(UR) "Agile (UR)")
- Scrum
- ISO 21500
- ISO 31000
- Management. Section Catalog

## سسٹمز انجینیئرنگ

- [نظامی انجینیئرنگ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Systems_engineering_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF "Systems engineering — نظامی انجینیئرنگ")
- Complex Engineered System
- [نظاموں کا نظام](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_of_Systems_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85 "System of Systems — نظاموں کا نظام")
- Systems Engineering Methodology
- Glossary of Systems Engineering
- [نظام کا دورانیہ حیات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/System_life_cycle_%E2%80%94_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA "System life cycle — نظام کا دورانیہ حیات")
- System Development Process
- System Design
- System Architecture
- System Concept
- System Integration
- Lifecycle Support
- Verification
- Validation
- [ضروریات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Requirements_%E2%80%94_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA "Requirements — ضروریات")
- Interfaces
- Component
- Requirements Traceability
- Systems Engineering Management
- [سسٹمز انجینیرنگ کے معیارات](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Systems_engineering_standards_%E2%80%94_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA "Systems engineering standards — سسٹمز انجینیرنگ کے معیارات")
- Configuration Management
- Reliability
- Technical Risk Analysis
- Sociotechnical Systems
- Human-in-the-loop Systems
- Digital Twin
- Literature on Systems Engineering
- Systems Engineering. Section Catalog

## حکمتِ عملی کا تجزیہ

- Strategic Analysis
- Strategic Planning
- Stakeholder Analysis
- Decision Analysis
- Program Evaluation
- [فوائد اور اخراجات کا تجزیہ (CBA)](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81_(CBA) "Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) — فوائد اور اخراجات کا تجزیہ (CBA)")
- [ڈیلفائی طریقہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Delphi_method_%E2%80%94_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%81 "Delphi method — ڈیلفائی طریقہ")
- SWOT Analysis
- [PEST-تجزیہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/PEST_analysis_%E2%80%94_PEST-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81 "PEST analysis — PEST-تجزیہ")
- [PESTLE-تجزیہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/PESTLE_analysis_%E2%80%94_PESTLE-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81 "PESTLE analysis — PESTLE-تجزیہ")
- Factor Analysis in Strategic Management
- Analysis of Development Options
- Robustness Analysis of Decisions
- Strategy Formulation
- Foresight Analysis
- Technology Foresight
- Uncertainty Analysis in Strategic Planning
- Hybrid Threats and Strategic Risk Assessment
- System Modeling in Strategic Analysis
- Strategic Scenario Analysis under Uncertainty
- Policy Analysis
- Systems Transitions Applied Research
- Think Tank
- Strategic Analysis. Section Catalog

## طریقہ کار اور علم الوجود

- Methodology
- Epistemology
- Methodology of Scientific Cognition
- Scientific Methods and Approaches
- Hypothetico-deductive Method
- Deduction and Induction
- Abduction
- Falsifiability
- Complexity and Uncertainty
- Meta-levels of Analysis
- Reflexive Methods
- Modeling as a Method of Cognition
- Systems Approach in Science
- Interdisciplinarity
- Frames of Thinking
- Constructivism
- Critical Rationalism
- Paradigms
- Ontology
- [ہدف سازی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Goal_setting_%E2%80%94_%DB%81%D8%AF%D9%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C "Goal setting — ہدف سازی")
- Cybernetics
- [مفہوم](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Concept_%E2%80%94_%D9%85%D9%81%DB%81%D9%88%D9%85 "Concept — مفہوم")
- Notion
- Term
- Classification
- Analysis
- Synthesis
- Methodology and Epistemology. Section Catalog

## ریاضیاتی ماڈل سازی

- [ریاضیاتی ماڈل](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Mathematical_model_%E2%80%94_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84 "Mathematical model — ریاضیاتی ماڈل")
- [ریاضیاتی ماڈل سازی](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Mathematical_modeling_%E2%80%94_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C "Mathematical modeling — ریاضیاتی ماڈل سازی")
- Goals of Mathematical Modeling
- Mathematical Modeling Process
- Mathematical Modeling Methodology
- Deterministic and Stochastic Models
- Static and Dynamic Models
- Discrete and Continuous Models
- Analytical Models
- Numerical Models
- Simulation Models
- Agent-based Models
- Hybrid Models
- Stages of Modeling
- Model Construction
- Model Identification
- Model Verification and Validation
- Model Implementation
- Interpretation of Modeling Results
- Model Limitations
- Modeling Errors
- Glossary of Mathematical Modeling
- Literature on Mathematical Modeling
- Mathematical Modeling. Section Catalog

## ریاضی

- [احتمال کا نظریہ](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Probability_theory_%E2%80%94_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81 "Probability theory — احتمال کا نظریہ")
- Mathematical Statistics
- Stochastic Processes
- Information Theory
- Measure and Integral
- Mathematical Analysis
- Linear Algebra
- Linear Spaces
- Differential Equations
- Vector and Tensor Calculus
- Functions and Mappings
- Mathematical Logic
- Predicate Calculus
- Set Theory
- Discrete Mathematics
- Combinatorics
- Optimization Theory
- Numerical Methods
- Game Theory
- Graph Theory
- Queuing Theory
- Mathematics. Section Catalog