---
title: "Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) — 成本效益分析"
source: "https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90"
wiki: "systems-analysis.info/int"
article: "Cost–benefit_analysis_(CBA)_—_成本效益分析"
language: "zh"
categories:
  - "Category:Chinese"
  - "Category:Decision theory"
  - "Category:Strategic management"
revision_id: 1278
wiki_created_at: 2026-09-06T22:46:15Z
wiki_modified_at: 2026-09-06T22:46:15Z
downloaded_at: 2026-09-07T22:45:13Z
---

# Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) — 成本效益分析

**成本效益分析**（英语：*Cost-Benefit Analysis, CBA*），亦称**成本效益分析法**，是一种系统性的分析过程，用于通过比较所有预期效益与成本，并以统一的货币等价物表示，来评估一个项目、决策或政策的可行性<sup>[\[1\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-mishan-quah-2007-1)[\[2\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-investopedia-cba-explained-2)</sup>。该方法的主要目标是确定总效益是否超过总成本，以便就有限资源的使用做出合理的决策<sup>[\[1\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-mishan-quah-2007-1)</sup>。

该方法是公共部门（例如，评估基础设施或环境项目）和私营部门（评估投资吸引力）决策的基础工具<sup>[\[1\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-mishan-quah-2007-1)</sup>。CBA 的核心是客观、数据驱动决策（*data-driven decision-making*）的原则<sup>[\[2\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-investopedia-cba-explained-2)</sup>。

## 历史

### 思想先驱

CBA 的概念基础奠定于19世纪中叶。1848年，法国工程师兼经济学家儒勒·杜普伊（Jules Dupuy）首次提出通过“支付意愿”（*willingness to pay*）的概念来衡量基础设施项目的社会效益<sup>[\[3\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-en-wiki-cba-3)</sup>。他认为，通过汇总每个用户愿意为某项福利支付的最高金额，可以得到其社会总效益的货币估值<sup>[\[3\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-en-wiki-cba-3)</sup>。

19世纪末，英国经济学家阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔（Alfred Marshall）进一步发展了这些思想。在其著作《经济学原理》（1890年）中，他详细阐述了消费者剩余的概念——即消费者愿意支付的最高价格与实际市场价格之间的差额<sup>[\[4\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-ebsco-marshall-4)</sup>。马歇尔的著作为福利经济学创建了理论框架，成为现代 CBA 的基石<sup>[\[5\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-investopedia-welfare-econ-5)</sup>。

### 在美国的正式化

该分析方法的实际应用始于20世纪初的美国。根据1902年的《河流和港口法案》，美国陆军工程兵团开始使用 CBA 的初步形式来评估水资源开发项目<sup>[\[6\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-aea-retrospectives-6)</sup>。

一个关键时刻是1936年的《防洪法案》（*Flood Control Act of 1936*）。该法案首次在官方层面上规定，联邦项目只有在“无论受益人是谁，其收益都必须超过预估成本”（*the benefits to whomever they accrue \[be\] in excess of the estimated costs*）的情况下才能获批<sup>[\[3\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-en-wiki-cba-3)[\[7\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-abelson-evolution-7)</sup>。这一规定正式确立了 CBA 作为国家政策的强制性要素。

第二次世界大战后，CBA 的应用范围显著扩大，涵盖了医疗健康、教育和环境监管等领域，并被包括世界银行在内的国际组织广泛采用<sup>[\[7\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-abelson-evolution-7)</sup>。

## 理论基础

CBA 是福利经济学的一项实际应用，旨在评估一个项目是否能增进社会总体福祉<sup>[\[1\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-mishan-quah-2007-1)</sup>。由于大多数项目既会产生赢家也会产生输家，严格的帕累托效率标准在此并不适用。

因此，CBA 的理论基础是**卡尔多-希克斯效率**标准<sup>[\[8\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-ebsco-benefit-cost-8)</sup>。根据该标准，如果一项变革的受益方所获得的收益足以在理论上补偿所有受损方的损失后仍有结余，那么这项变革就被认为是有效率的<sup>[\[9\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-cyclowiki-cba-9)</sup>。在此过程中，实际的补偿并非必要，只要存在补偿的可能性即可<sup>[\[10\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-chicago-rethinking-cba-10)</sup>。

## 方法论

标准的 CBA 流程包括以下关键步骤<sup>[\[3\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-en-wiki-cba-3)</sup>：

1.  **定义范围和备选方案**。明确分析的目标、时间范围和利益相关方。必须考虑“维持现状”的基准情景（即如果不实施项目会发生什么）以进行比较<sup>[\[11\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-scioto-analysis-11)</sup>。
2.  **识别效益与成本**。编制一份详尽清单，列出项目所有可能的正面影响（效益）和负面影响（成本）。
3.  **量化评估（货币化）**。将所有效益和成本以统一的货币等价物表示。对于非市场商品（如清洁空气），需采用特殊的评估方法。
4.  **贴现**。由于今天的货币比未来的货币更有价值，因此需要使用贴现率将未来的效益和成本折算为其现值（即今天的价值）。
5.  **汇总与决策**。计算最终指标以做出决策：
    - **净现值 (NPV)**：贴现后总效益与总成本之间的差额。如果 NPV \> 0，则项目被认为是可行的。
    - **效益成本比 (BCR)**：贴现后总效益与贴现后总成本的比率。如果 BCR \> 1，则项目是可行的。
    - **内部收益率 (IRR)**：使 NPV 等于零的贴现率。如果 IRR 高于设定的门槛值，则项目被接受。

## 应用

### 公共政策

CBA 是论证政府支出和监管措施的标准化工具，应用领域包括：

- **基础设施项目**：评估道路、桥梁、机场的建设。
- **环境监管**：分析排放标准、生物多样性保护计划。
- **医疗健康**：评估疫苗接种计划、控烟项目<sup>[\[12\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-cdc-cba-12)</sup>。

### 商业决策

在企业界，CBA 用于做出明智的投资决策：

- **投资项目**：评估建设新工厂或采购设备的的可行性。
- **引入新技术**：比较部署新 IT 系统（如 ERP 或 CRM）的成本与预期效益。
- **市场营销与新产品发布**：分析研发和推广成本与预测收入。

## 批评与局限性

- **货币化问题**：最尖锐的批评在于试图为人类生命、健康或保护独特生态系统等价值赋予货币价格。批评者认为，这在伦理上是不可接受的，并且贬低了生活的非经济方面<sup>[\[13\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-researchgate-cba-critiques-13)</sup>。
- **分配与公平性问题**：标准的 CBA 侧重于总体效率，而忽略了效益和成本在不同人群之间的分配情况。一个项目即使使富人受益而损害穷人利益，也可能被认为是有效率的（NPV\>0）<sup>[\[10\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-chicago-rethinking-cba-10)</sup>。
- **对假设的敏感性**：分析结果对社会贴现率的选择极为敏感。高贴现率会贬低后代人的利益，可能导致在气候或生态领域放弃重要的长期项目<sup>[\[14\]](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_note-mercatus-sdr-14)</sup>。

## 注释

1.  <span id="cite_note-mishan-quah-2007-1">↑ <sup>[1.0](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-mishan-quah-2007_1-0)</sup> <sup>[1.1](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-mishan-quah-2007_1-1)</sup> <sup>[1.2](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-mishan-quah-2007_1-2)</sup> <sup>[1.3](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-mishan-quah-2007_1-3)</sup> Mishan, E. J., & Quah, E. (2007). *Cost-Benefit Analysis* (5th ed.). Routledge.</span>
2.  <span id="cite_note-investopedia-cba-explained-2">↑ <sup>[2.0](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-investopedia-cba-explained_2-0)</sup> <sup>[2.1](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-investopedia-cba-explained_2-1)</sup> "Cost-Benefit Analysis Explained: Usage, Advantages, and Drawbacks". *Investopedia*. <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cost-benefitanalysis.asp" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></span>
3.  <span id="cite_note-en-wiki-cba-3">↑ <sup>[3.0](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-en-wiki-cba_3-0)</sup> <sup>[3.1](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-en-wiki-cba_3-1)</sup> <sup>[3.2](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-en-wiki-cba_3-2)</sup> <sup>[3.3](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-en-wiki-cba_3-3)</sup> "Cost-benefit analysis". *Wikipedia*. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost–benefit_analysis" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></span>
4.  <span id="cite_note-ebsco-marshall-4">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-ebsco-marshall_4-0) "Alfred Marshall (economist)". *EBSCO Research Starters*. <a href="https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/economics/alfred-marshall-economist" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></span>
5.  <span id="cite_note-investopedia-welfare-econ-5">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-investopedia-welfare-econ_5-0) "Welfare Economics: Theory, Key Assumptions, and Critical Analysis". *Investopedia*. <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/welfare_economics.asp" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></span>
6.  <span id="cite_note-aea-retrospectives-6">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-aea-retrospectives_6-0) Fuguitt, D., & Wilcox, S. J. (2001). "Retrospectives: Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Classical Creed". *Journal of Economic Perspectives*, 15(4), 199-212. <a href="https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/jep.15.4.199" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[5]</a></span>
7.  <span id="cite_note-abelson-evolution-7">↑ <sup>[7.0](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-abelson-evolution_7-0)</sup> <sup>[7.1](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-abelson-evolution_7-1)</sup> Abelson, P. (2022). "The Evolution of Cost-Benefit Analysis". *ANU Press*. <a href="https://appliedeconomics.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/ANU-_abelson_wp_april_2022.pdf" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[6]</a></span>
8.  <span id="cite_note-ebsco-benefit-cost-8">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-ebsco-benefit-cost_8-0) "Benefit-cost analysis". *EBSCO Research Starters*. <a href="https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/science/benefit-cost-analysis" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[7]</a></span>
9.  <span id="cite_note-cyclowiki-cba-9">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-cyclowiki-cba_9-0) "成本效益分析". *Cyclowiki*. <a href="https://cyclowiki.org/wiki/Анализ_«затраты—выгоды»" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[8]</a></span>
10. <span id="cite_note-chicago-rethinking-cba-10">↑ <sup>[10.0](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-chicago-rethinking-cba_10-0)</sup> <sup>[10.1](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-chicago-rethinking-cba_10-1)</sup> Adler, M. D., & Posner, E. A. (2000). "Rethinking Cost-Benefit Analysis". *University of Chicago Law School*. <a href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1426&amp;context=law_and_economics" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[9]</a></span>
11. <span id="cite_note-scioto-analysis-11">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-scioto-analysis_11-0) "What is cost-benefit analysis?". *Scioto Analysis*. <a href="https://www.sciotoanalysis.com/news/2025/1/22/what-is-cost-benefit-analysis" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[10]</a></span>
12. <span id="cite_note-cdc-cba-12">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-cdc-cba_12-0) "Cost-Benefit Analysis". *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)*. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/polaris/php/economics/cost-benefit.html" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[11]</a></span>
13. <span id="cite_note-researchgate-cba-critiques-13">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-researchgate-cba-critiques_13-0) Kim, S. (2016). "Cost-benefit analysis: its usage and critiques". *ResearchGate*. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274967779_Cost-benefit_analysis_its_usage_and_critiques_CBA_its_usage_and_critiques" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[12]</a></span>
14. <span id="cite_note-mercatus-sdr-14">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/int/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis_(CBA)_%E2%80%94_%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90#cite_ref-mercatus-sdr_14-0) "The Social Discount Rate: A Primer for Policymakers". *Mercatus Center*. <a href="https://www.mercatus.org/research/policy-briefs/social-discount-rate-primer-policymakers" class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow">[13]</a></span>
