---
title: "LLaMA (Meta AI)"
source: "https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)"
wiki: "systems-analysis.info/eng"
article: "LLaMA_(Meta_AI)"
language: "en"
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  - "Category:LLM families"
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wiki_created_at: 2026-09-06T22:18:52Z
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---

# LLaMA (Meta AI)

**Llama** (originally stylized **LLaMA**; an abbreviation of *Large Language Model Meta AI*) is a family of artificial-intelligence foundation models developed by Meta AI. The family includes text-only [large language models](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/Large_language_model "Large language model") (LLMs), code-specialized models, compact models for edge devices, [vision-language models](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/Multimodal_large_language_models "Multimodal large language models"), and sparse [Mixture-of-Experts](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/Mixture-of-Experts_(MoE) "Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)") systems.<sup>[\[1\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama1Announcement-1)[\[2\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ModelList-2)</sup>

The first three generations were based primarily on dense autoregressive [decoder-only transformer](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/Decoder-only_models_(architecture) "Decoder-only models (architecture)") architectures. Llama 3.2 introduced publicly released image-and-text models, while Llama 4 introduced native multimodality, early fusion of visual and textual tokens, and sparse MoE layers.<sup>[\[3\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama32-3)[\[4\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Launch-4)</sup>

Meta publishes downloadable weights for many Llama models under its own Llama Community licenses. These licenses permit many research and commercial uses but include attribution requirements, an acceptable-use policy, restrictions for organizations exceeding 700 million monthly active users, and additional conditions that vary by generation. Meta also does not publish the complete training datasets and reproducible end-to-end training pipelines. Consequently, **[open-weight](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/Open-weight_and_closed-weight_models "Open-weight and closed-weight models")** or **source-available** is more precise than describing the entire family as unconditionally "open source". The Open Source Initiative has stated that the Llama licenses do not satisfy its Open Source Definition or Open Source AI Definition.<sup>[\[5\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-OSI-5)[\[6\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-OSIAIDefinition-6)</sup>

As of July 11, 2026, the latest publicly downloadable Llama models are **Llama 4 Scout** and **Llama 4 Maverick**, released on April 5, 2025. The larger **Llama 4 Behemoth** was previewed but never publicly released; Reuters reported in March 2026 that Meta had abandoned its release. Meta's newer **Muse** models — introduced with Muse Spark in April 2026 and updated with Muse Spark 1.1 in July 2026 — are closed-weight systems developed by Meta Superintelligence Labs and distributed through Meta's own products and the Meta Model API rather than as a subsequent downloadable Llama generation.<sup>[\[7\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Card-7)[\[8\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ReutersBehemoth-8)[\[9\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-MuseSpark-9)[\[10\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Muse11-10)</sup>

## Naming

The original capitalization **LLaMA** represented **Large Language Model Meta AI**. Beginning with Llama 2, Meta generally standardized the product and model-family name as **Llama**, without capitalizing every letter.

The names assigned to later generations are not acronyms:

- **Scout** identifies the smaller Llama 4 model with 16 routed experts.
- **Maverick** identifies the larger released Llama 4 model with 128 routed experts.
- **Behemoth** was the name of a previewed but unreleased teacher model with nearly two trillion total parameters.<sup>[\[4\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Launch-4)</sup>

## History

Meta announced the original LLaMA research project on February 24, 2023. The models were developed by researchers associated with Meta AI and FAIR, formerly known as Facebook AI Research. Unlike a public unrestricted release, access to the original weights was initially granted on a case-by-case basis to academic researchers, government organizations, civil-society organizations, and industry research laboratories under a non-commercial research license.<sup>[\[1\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama1Announcement-1)[\[11\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama1Paper-11)</sup>

Unauthorized copies of the original model weights began circulating online in March 2023, including through file-sharing networks. Meta stated that the incident would not change its strategy of releasing research models to approved researchers. The leak broadened practical access to LLaMA but also intensified debate over the risks and benefits of distributing powerful model weights.<sup>[\[12\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ReutersLeak-12)</sup>

On July 18, 2023, Meta released **Llama 2** in 7-billion-, 13-billion-, and 70-billion-parameter sizes. The release included pretrained base models and dialogue-oriented Llama 2-Chat variants. The chat models were developed through supervised fine-tuning and [reinforcement learning from human feedback](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback_(RLHF) "Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF)"). Llama 2 was made available for many commercial uses under a custom community license, although it was not released under an OSI-approved open-source license.<sup>[\[13\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama2Announcement-13)[\[14\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama2Paper-14)[\[15\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama2License-15)</sup>

**Code Llama** followed in August 2023 as a coding-oriented family based on Llama 2. Meta initially released 7B, 13B, and 34B variants, with a 70B version following in January 2024. The family included general code models, Python-specialized models, and instruction-tuned variants.<sup>[\[16\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-CodeLlamaBlog-16)[\[17\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-CodeLlamaPaper-17)[\[18\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-CodeLlama70B-18)</sup>

In 2024, Meta released four major updates:

- **Llama 3** in April, with 8B and 70B text models.
- **Llama 3.1** in July, including the 405B dense model and a 128K context window.
- **Llama 3.2** in September, including 1B and 3B text models for edge devices and 11B and 90B vision-language models.
- **Llama 3.3** in December, consisting of a 70B instruction-tuned text model intended to provide capabilities closer to Llama 3.1 405B at lower inference cost.<sup>[\[19\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama3-19)[\[20\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama31-20)[\[3\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama32-3)[\[2\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ModelList-2)</sup>

In March 2025, Meta reported that Llama models had collectively passed one billion downloads. The figure counts model downloads rather than unique users or active production deployments.<sup>[\[21\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-BillionDownloads-21)</sup>

On April 5, 2025, Meta released **Llama 4 Scout** and **Llama 4 Maverick**. They were the first released Llama models to combine a sparse MoE architecture with native text-and-image processing. Meta also previewed Llama 4 Behemoth as a teacher model for Maverick. Behemoth was described as having approximately 288 billion active parameters, 16 experts, and nearly two trillion total parameters, but remained in training at the time of the announcement.<sup>[\[4\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Launch-4)</sup>

At its first developer conference, LlamaCon, held on April 29, 2025, Meta additionally announced the **Llama API** — a hosted developer platform for building on Llama models, launched in limited free preview with one-click key creation, Python and TypeScript SDKs, OpenAI-SDK compatibility, and fine-tuning tools initially based on a Llama 3.3 8B model.<sup>[\[22\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-LlamaCon-22)[\[23\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-LlamaAPITC-23)</sup>

Reports in May 2025 indicated that Behemoth had been delayed because Meta's researchers were having difficulty obtaining sufficiently large improvements over existing models. In March 2026, Reuters reported that Meta had abandoned the release. Meta reorganized its frontier AI work under **Meta Superintelligence Labs** and subsequently began releasing its newest frontier systems under the separate **Muse** name, beginning with the closed-weight Muse Spark in April 2026, while the downloadable Llama line remained at Scout and Maverick.<sup>[\[24\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ReutersBehemothDelay-24)[\[8\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ReutersBehemoth-8)[\[9\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-MuseSpark-9)[\[10\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Muse11-10)</sup>

## Model Evolution and Release Chronology

<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;">
<caption>Chronology of Llama Model Development</caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%" />
<col style="width: 25%" />
<col style="width: 25%" />
<col style="width: 25%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Version</th>
<th>Release Date</th>
<th>Parameter Range</th>
<th>Key Innovations and Features</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>LLaMA 1</strong></td>
<td>February 24, 2023</td>
<td>7B, 13B, 33B, 65B</td>
<td>Dense text-only decoder models using RMSNorm, SwiGLU, and RoPE. Trained on approximately 1.0–1.4 trillion tokens, depending on model size. 2,048-token context. Distributed under a non-commercial research license.<sup><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama1Paper-11">[11]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Llama 2</strong></td>
<td>July 18, 2023</td>
<td>7B, 13B, 70B</td>
<td>Pretrained and Llama 2-Chat versions; approximately two trillion pre-training tokens; supervised fine-tuning and RLHF for chat. 4,096-token context. The 70B model used Grouped-Query Attention, while the 7B and 13B models retained conventional multi-head attention.<sup><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama2Paper-14">[14]</a><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama2Announcement-13">[13]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Code Llama</strong></td>
<td>August 24, 2023;<br />
70B added January 2024</td>
<td>7B, 13B, 34B, 70B</td>
<td>Code-specialized continuation of Llama 2. General, Python, and instruction-tuned variants; trained on sequences of 16K tokens and evaluated on inputs of up to 100K. Selected sizes support code infilling.<sup><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-CodeLlamaPaper-17">[17]</a><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-CodeLlama70B-18">[18]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Llama 3</strong></td>
<td>April 18, 2024</td>
<td>8B, 70B</td>
<td>Text-only models trained on more than 15 trillion tokens from publicly available sources. 8K context, a tokenizer vocabulary of approximately 128,000 tokens, and GQA in both sizes.<sup><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama3-19">[19]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Llama 3.1</strong></td>
<td>July 23, 2024</td>
<td>8B, 70B, 405B</td>
<td>Dense, text-only multilingual models with 128K context, tool-use support, and eight officially supported languages. The 405B model was trained using more than 16,000 H100 GPUs. Contrary to some descriptions, Llama 3.1 did not itself accept image input.<sup><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama31-20">[20]</a><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama3Paper-25">[25]</a><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama31ModelCard-26">[26]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Llama 3.2</strong></td>
<td>September 25, 2024</td>
<td>Text: 1B, 3B;<br />
Vision: 11B, 90B</td>
<td>Lightweight text models for mobile and edge deployment, together with the first publicly released Llama vision-language models. The 11B and 90B variants accept text and image input and produce text output. 128K context.<sup><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama32-3">[3]</a><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama32ModelCard-27">[27]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Llama 3.3</strong></td>
<td>December 6, 2024</td>
<td>70B</td>
<td>Instruction-tuned, text-only multilingual model with a 128K context window. Meta positioned it as providing performance near the much larger Llama 3.1 405B on several tasks while requiring fewer resources to serve.<sup><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ModelList-2">[2]</a><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama33Card-28">[28]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Llama 4 Scout</strong></td>
<td>April 5, 2025</td>
<td>109B total / 17B active;<br />
16 experts</td>
<td>Native text-and-image model using sparse MoE layers and early multimodal fusion. Approximately 40 trillion multimodal training tokens, 12 officially supported languages, and a nominal context window of up to 10 million tokens.<sup><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Card-7">[7]</a><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ScoutCard-29">[29]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong>Llama 4 Maverick</strong></td>
<td>April 5, 2025</td>
<td>400B total / 17B active;<br />
128 experts</td>
<td>Larger native multimodal MoE model with approximately 22 trillion training tokens and a one-million-token context window. Available in BF16 and FP8 weight formats.<sup><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Card-7">[7]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Llama 4 Behemoth</strong></td>
<td>Previewed April 5, 2025;<br />
not released</td>
<td>Nearly 2T total / 288B active;<br />
16 experts</td>
<td>Previewed multimodal teacher model used during the development of Maverick. Its public release was delayed and subsequently reported abandoned.<sup><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Launch-4">[4]</a><a href="https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ReutersBehemoth-8">[8]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Chronology of Llama Model Development

## Architecture

Llama does not use one unchanged architecture across every generation. LLaMA 1 through Llama 3.3 primarily use dense autoregressive decoder-only transformers.<sup>[\[30\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Transformer-30)</sup> Llama 3.2 Vision combines a language-model backbone with a vision encoder and cross-attention components, while Llama 4 uses a native multimodal MoE architecture.<sup>[\[25\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama3Paper-25)[\[7\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Card-7)</sup>

The principal architectural elements used across the dense text generations include:

- **Pre-normalization**. Normalization is applied before the attention and feed-forward sublayers rather than after the residual connection. This improves optimization stability in deep transformer networks.
- **RMSNorm (Root Mean Square Layer Normalization)**. Llama uses RMSNorm instead of conventional LayerNorm. RMSNorm normalizes activations using their root-mean-square magnitude without subtracting the mean.<sup>[\[31\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-RMSNorm-31)</sup>
- **SwiGLU (Swish-Gated Linear Unit)**. Feed-forward blocks use a gated activation based on Swish rather than a conventional ReLU or GELU layer.<sup>[\[32\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-SwiGLU-32)</sup>
- **RoPE (Rotary Position [Embeddings](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/Embedding_(NLP) "Embedding (NLP)"))**. Rotary embeddings introduce relative positional information into queries and keys. RoPE can be adapted for longer contexts, but it does not by itself guarantee reliable extrapolation beyond the lengths used during training and evaluation.<sup>[\[33\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-RoPE-33)</sup>
- **Grouped-Query Attention (GQA)**. GQA shares a smaller number of key-value heads among a larger number of query heads, reducing KV-cache size and memory bandwidth during generation. It was used in Llama 2 70B, but not in the 7B and 13B Llama 2 variants. Llama 3 adopted GQA in both the 8B and 70B models.<sup>[\[34\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-GQA-34)[\[14\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama2Paper-14)[\[19\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama3-19)</sup>

LLaMA 1 and Llama 2 use SentencePiece-based tokenizers with vocabularies of approximately 32,000 tokens.<sup>[\[35\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-SentencePiece-35)</sup> Llama 3 introduced a TikToken-derived tokenizer with a vocabulary of approximately 128,000 tokens, improving the compression of multilingual text and programming code.<sup>[\[36\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-TikToken-36)[\[19\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama3-19)[\[25\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama3Paper-25)</sup>

### Llama 3.2 Vision

Llama 3.2 Vision extended the Llama 3.1 text architecture with a separately trained visual encoder and adapter components. Image representations are passed into the language model through cross-attention layers. The 11B and 90B vision models accept combinations of text and images and generate text; they do not natively generate images, audio, or video.<sup>[\[3\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama32-3)[\[27\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama32ModelCard-27)</sup>

### Llama 4 Mixture-of-Experts Architecture

Llama 4 Scout and Maverick are autoregressive MoE models. In an MoE transformer, the feed-forward computation is divided among multiple expert subnetworks. A router activates only a subset of the experts for each token, reducing arithmetic relative to a dense model with the same total parameter count.<sup>[\[37\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-MoEShazeer-37)[\[38\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-SwitchTransformers-38)</sup>

Scout contains approximately 109 billion total parameters and activates approximately 17 billion parameters per token. Maverick contains approximately 400 billion total parameters and also activates approximately 17 billion parameters. Active parameter count measures a portion of the computation per token; it does not mean that deployment requires storage for only 17 billion parameters. The full collection of expert weights must generally remain in memory or be accessible across devices.<sup>[\[7\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Card-7)</sup>

Llama 4 uses **early fusion**, in which image and text representations participate in a shared model sequence rather than being handled only by a separate late-stage vision module. The official releases accept text and still images as inputs and produce text or code. Meta trained the models with image and video-frame stills, but the downloadable model card does not list native video-stream input or video output as supported modalities.<sup>[\[4\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Launch-4)[\[7\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Card-7)</sup>

Scout uses an architecture called **iRoPE**, combining layers with Rotary Position Embeddings and interleaved attention layers without positional embeddings. It was pre-trained and post-trained with 256K sequences and then evaluated for length generalization at substantially longer lengths. Meta lists a maximum context of ten million tokens, but this limit should not be interpreted as evidence of uniform reasoning or recall quality across every ten-million-token task.<sup>[\[4\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Launch-4)[\[29\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ScoutCard-29)</sup>

### LLaMA 1 Configurations

| Model | Parameters | Hidden State Dimension | Number of Layers | Number of Attention Heads | Training Data Volume |
|-------|------------|------------------------|------------------|---------------------------|----------------------|
| 7B    | 6.7B       | 4,096                  | 32               | 32                        | 1.0T tokens          |
| 13B   | 13.0B      | 5,120                  | 40               | 40                        | 1.0T tokens          |
| 33B   | 32.5B      | 6,656                  | 60               | 52                        | 1.4T tokens          |
| 65B   | 65.2B      | 8,192                  | 80               | 64                        | 1.4T tokens          |

Architectural Parameters of LLaMA 1 Models<sup>[\[11\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama1Paper-11)</sup>

All four original LLaMA configurations used a 2,048-token context window. The different token totals in the table mean that the smaller models were not all trained on the full 1.4-trillion-token corpus.

## Training Data

Meta has disclosed broad descriptions and token counts for Llama's pre-training data, but not the complete underlying corpora or a reproducible list of every source document.

- **LLaMA 1**: Trained exclusively on data described as publicly available. The reported mixture consisted of approximately 67% Common Crawl, 15% C4, 4.5% GitHub, 4.5% Wikipedia, 4.5% books, 2.5% arXiv, and 2% Stack Exchange. The 7B and 13B models were trained on approximately one trillion tokens; the 33B and 65B models used approximately 1.4 trillion.<sup>[\[11\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama1Paper-11)</sup>
- **Llama 2**: Trained on approximately two trillion tokens from publicly available sources, about 40% more data than the largest LLaMA 1 training run. Meta stated that the corpus did not include data from Meta's products or services.<sup>[\[14\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama2Paper-14)</sup>
- **Llama 3 and 3.1**: Trained on more than 15 trillion tokens collected from publicly available sources. Meta described the corpus as approximately seven times larger than the Llama 2 corpus and containing roughly four times more code. The Llama 3 model card states that its pre-training and fine-tuning datasets did not include Meta user data.<sup>[\[19\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama3-19)[\[39\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama3ModelCard-39)[\[26\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama31ModelCard-26)</sup>
- **Llama 4 Scout and Maverick**: Scout was pre-trained on approximately 40 trillion multimodal tokens and Maverick on approximately 22 trillion. The mixture included publicly available and licensed material, publicly shared Facebook and Instagram posts, and interactions with Meta AI. Their stated knowledge cutoff is August 2024.<sup>[\[7\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Card-7)[\[40\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4ModelCardGit-40)</sup>

The difference between Llama 3 and Llama 4 data descriptions is important: the Llama 3 model card explicitly excluded Meta user data, whereas the Llama 4 card explicitly identifies information from Meta products and services as part of the training mixture.

Token counts across generations are not perfectly comparable. They depend on tokenizer design, deduplication, repeated data, synthetic-data generation, image-to-token conversion, filtering, and training curricula. A larger token count does not by itself establish higher data quality or better downstream performance.

## Performance and Comparison

Performance claims for Llama are dependent on the exact model version, prompt template, quantization, evaluation harness, number of samples, inference-time compute, tool access, and scoring method. Most headline benchmark comparisons in Meta release materials are developer-reported rather than independent audits.

- **LLaMA 1**: The original paper reported that LLaMA-13B outperformed GPT-3 175B on most of the listed academic benchmarks, while LLaMA-65B was competitive with Chinchilla 70B and PaLM 540B. This was a comparison with systems and evaluation procedures available in early 2023.<sup>[\[11\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama1Paper-11)[\[41\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-GPT3-41)[\[42\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Chinchilla-42)[\[43\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-PaLM-43)</sup>
- **Llama 2**: Meta reported that Llama 2-Chat outperformed other publicly available chat models in its evaluations and was competitive with some proprietary systems. Human-evaluation results varied by prompt category, and the paper did not claim that Llama 2 was universally equivalent to the strongest proprietary models.<sup>[\[14\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama2Paper-14)</sup>
- **Llama 3.1 405B**: Meta reported results broadly competitive with GPT-4, GPT-4o, and Claude 3.5 Sonnet on selected knowledge, mathematics, coding, multilingual, and tool-use evaluations. For example, the Llama 3 report listed a HumanEval score of 89.0 for Llama 3.1 405B Instruct, compared with 90.2 for the tested GPT-4o endpoint. Such figures describe specific historical endpoints and evaluation settings.<sup>[\[25\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama3Paper-25)</sup>
- **Llama 3.3 70B**: Meta designed the model to approach the performance of Llama 3.1 405B on several instruction-following tasks while substantially reducing the number of parameters that must be served.<sup>[\[2\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ModelList-2)[\[28\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama33Card-28)</sup>
- **Llama 4**: Meta's model card reports gains over earlier Llama models on selected reasoning, coding, long-context, and image-understanding benchmarks. The results below were generated by Meta using BF16 checkpoints and should not be interpreted as independent measurements.<sup>[\[7\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Card-7)</sup>

| Benchmark                                                                                                                                                                                     | Llama 3.3 70B                | Llama 3.1 405B | Llama 4 Scout | Llama 4 Maverick |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|----------------|---------------|------------------|
| **[MMLU-Pro](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/MMLU-Pro_Benchmark "MMLU-Pro Benchmark")** (0-shot)<sup>[\[44\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-MMLUPro-44)</sup> | 68.9                         | 73.4           | 74.3          | **80.5**         |
| **LiveCodeBench** (pass@1)<sup>[\[45\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-LiveCodeBench-45)</sup>                                                                   | 33.3                         | 27.7           | 32.8          | **43.4**         |
| **[MMMU](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/MMMU_Benchmark "MMMU Benchmark")** (image reasoning)<sup>[\[46\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-MMMU-46)</sup>       | No native multimodal support |                | 69.4          | **73.4**         |

Selected instruction-model results reported in the Llama 4 model card<sup>[\[7\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Card-7)</sup>

The lower LiveCodeBench result for Llama 3.1 405B than for Llama 3.3 70B illustrates why parameter count alone is not a reliable predictor of post-trained task performance.

The inference cost of self-hosted Llama models cannot be expressed as a universal multiple relative to a proprietary API. Cost depends on hardware acquisition or rental, utilization, electricity, quantization, context length, batching, engineering labour, and the number of generated tokens. Self-hosting can be economical at high utilization or where data control is important, but an API may be cheaper for intermittent workloads.

## Licensing

Llama licensing has changed between generations:

- **LLaMA 1** was distributed under a non-commercial research license. Access was initially granted upon application, and redistribution of the weights was not permitted under the original terms.<sup>[\[1\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama1Announcement-1)</sup>
- **Llama 2** uses the Llama 2 Community License. It permits many commercial and research uses but requires a separate license for an organization whose products or services exceeded 700 million monthly active users at the release date. It also incorporates an acceptable-use policy and contains requirements governing redistribution and derivative products.<sup>[\[15\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama2License-15)</sup>
- **Llama 3 and 3.1** use updated Llama 3 Community Licenses. These generally permit use, modification, redistribution, fine-tuning, and many commercial deployments but retain attribution, acceptable-use, and 700-million-user provisions. The precise license attached to the selected checkpoint must be reviewed.<sup>[\[47\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama3License-47)[\[48\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama31License-48)</sup>
- **Llama 3.2 Vision** introduced additional regional restrictions for the multimodal models, including restrictions affecting persons and companies based in the European Union; the restriction is stated in the Llama 3.2 Acceptable Use Policy.<sup>[\[3\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama32-3)[\[49\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama32License-49)[\[50\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama32Policy-50)</sup>
- **Llama 4** uses the Llama 4 Community License. Redistribution requires inclusion of the agreement and prominent display of "Built with Llama". A distributed AI model trained, fine-tuned, or improved using Llama 4 materials or outputs must have a name beginning with "Llama". Organizations exceeding 700 million monthly active users must request a separate license from Meta.<sup>[\[51\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4License-51)</sup>

The Llama 4 Acceptable Use Policy also states that the license rights for its multimodal models are not granted directly to individuals domiciled in the European Union or to companies whose principal place of business is in the European Union. The restriction does not apply to end users of a product or service that incorporates the models.<sup>[\[52\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Policy-52)</sup>

These field, scale, attribution, naming, and regional restrictions distinguish the Llama licenses from conventional permissive open-source licenses such as Apache 2.0 or MIT. In addition, Meta does not provide the complete data and code required to reproduce the frontier models from raw training data. For these reasons, the Open Source Initiative does not classify Llama as open-source AI, despite Meta's own continued use of the term "open source", including in CEO Mark Zuckerberg's July 2024 open letter "Open Source AI Is the Path Forward".<sup>[\[5\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-OSI-5)[\[6\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-OSIAIDefinition-6)[\[53\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ZuckOpenLetter-53)</sup>

## Applications

Llama weights and derivative models are used in consumer services, enterprise software, research, public-sector systems, and edge deployments. Meta reported that the family had surpassed one billion cumulative downloads by March 2025, although download totals do not reveal how many models remain actively deployed.<sup>[\[21\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-BillionDownloads-21)</sup>

Examples publicly documented by Meta and its partners include:

- **Meta products**: In 2025, Meta integrated Llama 4 into Meta AI experiences on WhatsApp, Messenger, Instagram, and the Meta AI website. In 2026, however, Meta began migrating these assistants to its closed-weight Muse models: Reuters reported in July 2026 that Muse Spark 1.1 was expected to replace the Llama models powering chatbots on WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, and Meta's smart glasses, so the architecture underlying current Meta AI features should not automatically be assumed to remain Llama 4.<sup>[\[4\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Launch-4)[\[10\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Muse11-10)[\[54\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ReutersMuse-54)</sup>
- **Zoom**: Zoom's federated-model architecture uses Llama alongside Zoom-developed and proprietary models in AI Companion. Documented tasks include meeting summaries, smart recordings, suggested next steps, and the generation of examples for training other models.<sup>[\[55\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Zoom-55)</sup>
- **Shopify**: Shopify reported running approximately 40–60 million daily inferences with fine-tuned LLaVA models for product metadata and enrichment. LLaVA is a third-party vision-language architecture built using a Llama language-model foundation; the deployment should therefore not be described simply as the unmodified Meta Llama model.<sup>[\[56\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-LlamaAdoption-56)</sup>
- **Space Llama**: In April 2025, Booz Allen and Meta announced the deployment of a fine-tuned Llama 3.2 system aboard the International Space Station National Laboratory. The system runs on HPE's Spaceborne Computer-2 and is intended to support local document retrieval, research, and maintenance workflows without continuous Earth connectivity. This was a Booz Allen and ISS National Laboratory deployment rather than evidence that NASA had adopted an unmodified Llama model for autonomous control of critical station operations.<sup>[\[57\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-SpaceLlama-57)</sup>
- **Government and defence**: In November 2024, Meta made Llama available to United States government agencies and contractors for permitted national-security applications. Partners named by Meta included Accenture Federal Services, Anduril, Booz Allen, IBM, Leidos, Lockheed Martin, Microsoft, Oracle, Palantir, and Scale AI. Lockheed Martin incorporated Llama into its AI Factory for uses including code generation, data analysis, and business-process support.<sup>[\[58\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-NationalSecurity-58)</sup>
- **Edge and mobile systems**: Llama 3.2 1B and 3B were designed for selected mobile and edge hardware, enabling local summarization, rewriting, retrieval, and instruction-following without sending every prompt to an external model provider.<sup>[\[3\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama32-3)[\[27\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama32ModelCard-27)</sup>

To support developers, Meta also distributes **Llama Stack**, an open-source framework of standardized APIs and reference distributions for building Llama-based applications, and since April 2025 has offered the hosted Llama API in preview.<sup>[\[59\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-LlamaStack-59)[\[22\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-LlamaCon-22)</sup>

Local deployment can provide control over data location, system configuration, model adaptation, and network dependency. It does not automatically establish security, privacy, regulatory compliance, factual accuracy, or suitability for high-risk applications.

## Limitations and Criticism

- **Hallucinations and unreliable outputs**: Like other generative models, Llama can produce inaccurate, fabricated, internally inconsistent, or objectionable content. Meta's own Llama 4 model card states that testing cannot cover every scenario and that developers should perform application-specific safety evaluation and tuning.<sup>[\[7\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Card-7)</sup>
- **Safety is deployment-dependent**: Under its Purple Llama initiative, Meta provides auxiliary systems including Llama Guard, Prompt Guard, and CyberSecEval, but these are separate safeguards rather than guarantees inherent in every downloaded checkpoint. Developers can change system prompts, remove moderation components, or fine-tune models in ways that alter their safety behaviour.<sup>[\[60\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama31Safety-60)[\[61\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-PurpleLlama-61)[\[62\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-LlamaGuard-62)[\[63\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-CyberSecEval-63)[\[4\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Launch-4)</sup>
- **Benchmark transparency**: Meta's launch material cited an LM Arena score of 1417 for an "experimental chat version" of Llama 4 Maverick rather than the publicly downloadable checkpoint. The distinction was disclosed in the announcement but prompted criticism that the headline score did not represent the released model. Reuters later referred to criticism that Meta had presented misleading benchmark results for early Llama 4 versions.<sup>[\[4\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Launch-4)[\[64\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ChatbotArena-64)[\[8\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ReutersBehemoth-8)</sup>
- **Long-context limitations**: A nominal context limit describes the maximum accepted sequence length, not guaranteed comprehension or perfect retrieval throughout that sequence. Scout's ten-million-token claim relies partly on length-generalization evaluations after training at 256K, and performance can deteriorate according to information position, task type, generation settings, and inference implementation.<sup>[\[4\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Launch-4)</sup>
- **Open-source terminology**: Meta calls Llama open source, while the Open Source Initiative and other observers classify it as open-weight or source-available because of license restrictions and incomplete disclosure of training data and training code.<sup>[\[5\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-OSI-5)</sup>
- **Training-data transparency**: Meta publishes aggregate descriptions and token counts but not the complete document-level corpora. This limits independent auditing for copyright status, demographic representation, duplication, privacy, contamination, and benchmark leakage.
- **Infrastructure requirements**: Sparse activation lowers arithmetic per token but does not reduce storage to the active-parameter count. Maverick contains approximately 400 billion total parameters, and practical self-hosting generally requires quantization, multiple high-memory accelerators, or distributed inference infrastructure.<sup>[\[7\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Card-7)</sup>
- **Energy use and emissions**: The original LLaMA paper estimated approximately 2,638 MWh of electricity and 1,015 metric tons of carbon-dioxide-equivalent emissions for the development of the model family, rather than only for one final training run.<sup>[\[11\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama1Paper-11)</sup> For Scout and Maverick, Meta reported a combined 7.38 million H100-80GB GPU-hours and estimated location-based emissions of 1,999 metric tons of CO₂-equivalent. Meta reported zero market-based emissions because its electricity use was matched with renewable energy purchases; market-based accounting does not mean that the physical training process consumed no energy or caused no location-based emissions.<sup>[\[7\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Card-7)[\[40\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4ModelCardGit-40)</sup>
- **Regional and use restrictions**: The Llama 4 license and acceptable-use policy impose restrictions that do not exist in standard permissive software licenses, including the exclusion of direct multimodal-model rights for EU-based individuals and companies and prohibitions covering specified professional, military, surveillance, discriminatory, deceptive, and harmful uses.<sup>[\[51\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4License-51)[\[52\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Policy-52)</sup>

## Future

When Llama 4 was announced in April 2025, Meta described Behemoth as a teacher model still undergoing training. The company did not publish its weights or a final model card. Its release was reportedly postponed several times, and Reuters stated in March 2026 that Meta had abandoned the release.<sup>[\[4\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Llama4Launch-4)[\[24\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ReutersBehemothDelay-24)[\[8\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ReutersBehemoth-8)</sup>

As of July 11, 2026, Meta has not announced a publicly downloadable Llama generation later than Scout and Maverick. Meta's frontier development has shifted to the closed-weight **Muse** line from Meta Superintelligence Labs: the first model, Muse Spark, was released on April 8, 2026, followed on July 9, 2026 by **Muse Spark 1.1** together with a public preview of the Meta Model API. Meta describes Muse Spark 1.1 as a multimodal reasoning model built for agentic tasks, with gains in tool and computer use, coding, and multimodal understanding; unlike Llama, the Muse models are not distributed as downloadable weights. Muse is a separate product and research line and should not be described as "Llama 5" unless Meta itself assigns that name to a future release.<sup>[\[9\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-MuseSpark-9)[\[10\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-Muse11-10)[\[54\]](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_note-ReutersMuse-54)</sup>

## External links

- <a href="https://www.llama.com/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Official Llama website</a>
- <a href="https://www.llama.com/docs/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Official Llama documentation</a>
- <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Meta Llama on GitHub</a>
- <a href="https://huggingface.co/meta-llama" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Meta Llama on Hugging Face</a>
- <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/llama-4-multimodal-intelligence/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Official Llama 4 announcement</a>
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama (language model) — Wikipedia</a>

## See also

- [GPT](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/GPT_(OpenAI) "GPT (OpenAI)")
- [Large language models](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/Large_language_model "Large language model")
- [Transformer architecture](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/Transformer_architecture "Transformer architecture")
- [Mixture-of-Experts](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/Mixture-of-Experts_(MoE) "Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)")
- [Open-weight and closed-weight models](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/Open-weight_and_closed-weight_models "Open-weight and closed-weight models")

## Literature

- Touvron, Hugo; Lavril, Thibaut; Izacard, Gautier; et al. (2023). *LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.13971" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2302.13971</a>.
- Touvron, Hugo; Martin, Louis; Stone, Kevin; et al. (2023). *Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.09288" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2307.09288</a>.
- Rozière, Baptiste; Gehring, Jonas; Gloeckle, Fabian; et al. (2023). *Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Code*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.12950" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2308.12950</a>.
- Grattafiori, Aaron; Dubey, Abhimanyu; Jauhri, Abhinav; et al. (2024). *The Llama 3 Herd of Models*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.21783" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2407.21783</a>.
- Ainslie, Joshua; Lee-Thorp, James; de Jong, Michiel; et al. (2023). *GQA: Training Generalized Multi-Query Transformer Models from Multi-Head Checkpoints*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.13245" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2305.13245</a>.
- Shazeer, Noam (2020). *GLU Variants Improve Transformer*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.05202" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2002.05202</a>.
- Su, Jianlin; Lu, Yu; Pan, Shengfeng; et al. (2021). *RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embedding*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.09864" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2104.09864</a>.
- Zhang, Biao; Sennrich, Rico (2019). *Root Mean Square Layer Normalization*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07467" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:1910.07467</a>.
- Fedus, William; Zoph, Barret; Shazeer, Noam (2021). *Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03961" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2101.03961</a>.

## References

1.  <span id="cite_note-Llama1Announcement-1">↑ <sup>[1.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama1Announcement_1-0)</sup> <sup>[1.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama1Announcement_1-1)</sup> <sup>[1.2](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama1Announcement_1-2)</sup> <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/large-language-model-llama-meta-ai/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Introducing LLaMA: A foundational, 65-billion-parameter large language model</a> // Meta AI. 2023-02-24.</span>
2.  <span id="cite_note-ModelList-2">↑ <sup>[2.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ModelList_2-0)</sup> <sup>[2.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ModelList_2-1)</sup> <sup>[2.2](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ModelList_2-2)</sup> <sup>[2.3](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ModelList_2-3)</sup> <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama Models</a> // Meta on GitHub. Accessed 2026-07-11.</span>
3.  <span id="cite_note-Llama32-3">↑ <sup>[3.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama32_3-0)</sup> <sup>[3.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama32_3-1)</sup> <sup>[3.2](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama32_3-2)</sup> <sup>[3.3](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama32_3-3)</sup> <sup>[3.4](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama32_3-4)</sup> <sup>[3.5](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama32_3-5)</sup> <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/llama-3-2-connect-2024-vision-edge-mobile-devices/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 3.2: Revolutionizing edge AI and vision with open, customizable models</a> // Meta AI. 2024-09-25.</span>
4.  <span id="cite_note-Llama4Launch-4">↑ <sup>[4.00](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Launch_4-0)</sup> <sup>[4.01](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Launch_4-1)</sup> <sup>[4.02](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Launch_4-2)</sup> <sup>[4.03](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Launch_4-3)</sup> <sup>[4.04](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Launch_4-4)</sup> <sup>[4.05](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Launch_4-5)</sup> <sup>[4.06](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Launch_4-6)</sup> <sup>[4.07](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Launch_4-7)</sup> <sup>[4.08](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Launch_4-8)</sup> <sup>[4.09](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Launch_4-9)</sup> <sup>[4.10](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Launch_4-10)</sup> <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/llama-4-multimodal-intelligence/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">The Llama 4 herd: The beginning of a new era of natively multimodal AI innovation</a> // Meta AI. 2025-04-05.</span>
5.  <span id="cite_note-OSI-5">↑ <sup>[5.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-OSI_5-0)</sup> <sup>[5.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-OSI_5-1)</sup> <sup>[5.2](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-OSI_5-2)</sup> <a href="https://opensource.org/blog/metas-llama-license-is-still-not-open-source" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Meta's LLaMA license is still not Open Source</a> // Open Source Initiative. 2025-02-18.</span>
6.  <span id="cite_note-OSIAIDefinition-6">↑ <sup>[6.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-OSIAIDefinition_6-0)</sup> <sup>[6.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-OSIAIDefinition_6-1)</sup> <a href="https://opensource.org/ai/open-source-ai-definition" class="external text" rel="nofollow">The Open Source AI Definition — 1.0</a> // Open Source Initiative.</span>
7.  <span id="cite_note-Llama4Card-7">↑ <sup>[7.00](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Card_7-0)</sup> <sup>[7.01](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Card_7-1)</sup> <sup>[7.02](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Card_7-2)</sup> <sup>[7.03](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Card_7-3)</sup> <sup>[7.04](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Card_7-4)</sup> <sup>[7.05](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Card_7-5)</sup> <sup>[7.06](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Card_7-6)</sup> <sup>[7.07](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Card_7-7)</sup> <sup>[7.08](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Card_7-8)</sup> <sup>[7.09](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Card_7-9)</sup> <sup>[7.10](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Card_7-10)</sup> <sup>[7.11](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Card_7-11)</sup> <a href="https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-4-Maverick-17B-128E-Instruct" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 4 Maverick model card</a> // Meta on Hugging Face. 2025-04-05.</span>
8.  <span id="cite_note-ReutersBehemoth-8">↑ <sup>[8.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ReutersBehemoth_8-0)</sup> <sup>[8.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ReutersBehemoth_8-1)</sup> <sup>[8.2](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ReutersBehemoth_8-2)</sup> <sup>[8.3](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ReutersBehemoth_8-3)</sup> <sup>[8.4](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ReutersBehemoth_8-4)</sup> <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/world-at-work/meta-planning-sweeping-layoffs-ai-costs-mount-2026-03-14/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Meta planning sweeping layoffs as AI costs mount</a> // Reuters. 2026-03-14.</span>
9.  <span id="cite_note-MuseSpark-9">↑ <sup>[9.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-MuseSpark_9-0)</sup> <sup>[9.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-MuseSpark_9-1)</sup> <sup>[9.2](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-MuseSpark_9-2)</sup> <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/introducing-muse-spark-msl/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Introducing Muse Spark: Scaling Towards Personal Superintelligence</a> // Meta AI. 2026-04-08.</span>
10. <span id="cite_note-Muse11-10">↑ <sup>[10.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Muse11_10-0)</sup> <sup>[10.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Muse11_10-1)</sup> <sup>[10.2](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Muse11_10-2)</sup> <sup>[10.3](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Muse11_10-3)</sup> <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/introducing-muse-spark-meta-model-api/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Introducing Muse Spark 1.1</a> // Meta AI. 2026-07-09.</span>
11. <span id="cite_note-Llama1Paper-11">↑ <sup>[11.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama1Paper_11-0)</sup> <sup>[11.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama1Paper_11-1)</sup> <sup>[11.2](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama1Paper_11-2)</sup> <sup>[11.3](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama1Paper_11-3)</sup> <sup>[11.4](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama1Paper_11-4)</sup> <sup>[11.5](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama1Paper_11-5)</sup> Touvron, Hugo; Lavril, Thibaut; Izacard, Gautier; et al. (2023). *LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.13971" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2302.13971</a>.</span>
12. <span id="cite_note-ReutersLeak-12">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ReutersLeak_12-0) <a href="https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/meta-will-keep-releasing-ai-tools-despite-leak-claims" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Meta will keep releasing AI tools despite leak claims</a> // Reuters (via Nasdaq). 2023-03-06.</span>
13. <span id="cite_note-Llama2Announcement-13">↑ <sup>[13.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama2Announcement_13-0)</sup> <sup>[13.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama2Announcement_13-1)</sup> <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/llama-2/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Meta and Microsoft Introduce the Next Generation of Llama</a> // Meta AI. 2023-07-18.</span>
14. <span id="cite_note-Llama2Paper-14">↑ <sup>[14.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama2Paper_14-0)</sup> <sup>[14.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama2Paper_14-1)</sup> <sup>[14.2](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama2Paper_14-2)</sup> <sup>[14.3](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama2Paper_14-3)</sup> <sup>[14.4](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama2Paper_14-4)</sup> Touvron, Hugo; Martin, Louis; Stone, Kevin; et al. (2023). *Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.09288" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2307.09288</a>.</span>
15. <span id="cite_note-Llama2License-15">↑ <sup>[15.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama2License_15-0)</sup> <sup>[15.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama2License_15-1)</sup> <a href="https://ai.meta.com/llama/license/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 2 Community License Agreement</a> // Meta.</span>
16. <span id="cite_note-CodeLlamaBlog-16">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-CodeLlamaBlog_16-0) <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/code-llama-large-language-model-coding/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Introducing Code Llama, a state-of-the-art large language model for coding</a> // Meta AI. 2023-08-24.</span>
17. <span id="cite_note-CodeLlamaPaper-17">↑ <sup>[17.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-CodeLlamaPaper_17-0)</sup> <sup>[17.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-CodeLlamaPaper_17-1)</sup> Rozière, Baptiste; Gehring, Jonas; Gloeckle, Fabian; et al. (2023). *Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Code*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.12950" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2308.12950</a>.</span>
18. <span id="cite_note-CodeLlama70B-18">↑ <sup>[18.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-CodeLlama70B_18-0)</sup> <sup>[18.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-CodeLlama70B_18-1)</sup> <a href="https://huggingface.co/codellama/CodeLlama-70b-hf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CodeLlama-70b model card</a> // Meta on Hugging Face. 2024-01-29.</span>
19. <span id="cite_note-Llama3-19">↑ <sup>[19.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama3_19-0)</sup> <sup>[19.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama3_19-1)</sup> <sup>[19.2](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama3_19-2)</sup> <sup>[19.3](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama3_19-3)</sup> <sup>[19.4](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama3_19-4)</sup> <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Introducing Meta Llama 3</a> // Meta AI. 2024-04-18.</span>
20. <span id="cite_note-Llama31-20">↑ <sup>[20.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama31_20-0)</sup> <sup>[20.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama31_20-1)</sup> <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3-1/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Introducing Llama 3.1: Our most capable models to date</a> // Meta AI. 2024-07-23.</span>
21. <span id="cite_note-BillionDownloads-21">↑ <sup>[21.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-BillionDownloads_21-0)</sup> <sup>[21.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-BillionDownloads_21-1)</sup> <a href="https://about.fb.com/news/2025/03/celebrating-1-billion-downloads-llama/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Celebrating 1 Billion Downloads of Llama</a> // Meta. 2025-03-18.</span>
22. <span id="cite_note-LlamaCon-22">↑ <sup>[22.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-LlamaCon_22-0)</sup> <sup>[22.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-LlamaCon_22-1)</sup> <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/llamacon-llama-news/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Everything we announced at our first-ever LlamaCon</a> // Meta AI. 2025-04-29.</span>
23. <span id="cite_note-LlamaAPITC-23">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-LlamaAPITC_23-0) <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2025/04/29/meta-previews-an-api-for-its-llama-ai-models/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Meta previews an API for its Llama AI models</a> // TechCrunch. 2025-04-29.</span>
24. <span id="cite_note-ReutersBehemothDelay-24">↑ <sup>[24.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ReutersBehemothDelay_24-0)</sup> <sup>[24.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ReutersBehemothDelay_24-1)</sup> <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/meta-is-delaying-release-its-behemoth-ai-model-wsj-reports-2025-05-15/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Meta delays release of its 'Behemoth' AI model, WSJ reports</a> // Reuters. 2025-05-15.</span>
25. <span id="cite_note-Llama3Paper-25">↑ <sup>[25.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama3Paper_25-0)</sup> <sup>[25.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama3Paper_25-1)</sup> <sup>[25.2](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama3Paper_25-2)</sup> <sup>[25.3](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama3Paper_25-3)</sup> Grattafiori, Aaron; Dubey, Abhimanyu; Jauhri, Abhinav; et al. (2024). *The Llama 3 Herd of Models*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.21783" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2407.21783</a>.</span>
26. <span id="cite_note-Llama31ModelCard-26">↑ <sup>[26.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama31ModelCard_26-0)</sup> <sup>[26.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama31ModelCard_26-1)</sup> <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama3_1/MODEL_CARD.md" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 3.1 model card</a> // Meta on GitHub. 2024.</span>
27. <span id="cite_note-Llama32ModelCard-27">↑ <sup>[27.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama32ModelCard_27-0)</sup> <sup>[27.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama32ModelCard_27-1)</sup> <sup>[27.2](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama32ModelCard_27-2)</sup> <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama3_2/MODEL_CARD.md" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 3.2 model card</a> // Meta on GitHub. 2024.</span>
28. <span id="cite_note-Llama33Card-28">↑ <sup>[28.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama33Card_28-0)</sup> <sup>[28.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama33Card_28-1)</sup> <a href="https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 3.3 70B Instruct model card</a> // Meta on Hugging Face. 2024-12-06.</span>
29. <span id="cite_note-ScoutCard-29">↑ <sup>[29.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ScoutCard_29-0)</sup> <sup>[29.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ScoutCard_29-1)</sup> <a href="https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-4-Scout-17B-16E-Instruct" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 4 Scout model card</a> // Meta on Hugging Face. 2025-04-05.</span>
30. <span id="cite_note-Transformer-30">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Transformer_30-0) Vaswani, Ashish; Shazeer, Noam; Parmar, Niki; et al. (2017). *Attention Is All You Need*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:1706.03762</a>.</span>
31. <span id="cite_note-RMSNorm-31">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-RMSNorm_31-0) Zhang, Biao; Sennrich, Rico (2019). *Root Mean Square Layer Normalization*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07467" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:1910.07467</a>.</span>
32. <span id="cite_note-SwiGLU-32">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-SwiGLU_32-0) Shazeer, Noam (2020). *GLU Variants Improve Transformer*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.05202" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2002.05202</a>.</span>
33. <span id="cite_note-RoPE-33">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-RoPE_33-0) Su, Jianlin; Lu, Yu; Pan, Shengfeng; et al. (2021). *RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embedding*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.09864" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2104.09864</a>.</span>
34. <span id="cite_note-GQA-34">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-GQA_34-0) Ainslie, Joshua; Lee-Thorp, James; de Jong, Michiel; et al. (2023). *GQA: Training Generalized Multi-Query Transformer Models from Multi-Head Checkpoints*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.13245" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2305.13245</a>.</span>
35. <span id="cite_note-SentencePiece-35">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-SentencePiece_35-0) Kudo, Taku; Richardson, John (2018). *SentencePiece: A Simple and Language Independent Subword Tokenizer and Detokenizer for Neural Text Processing*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.06226" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:1808.06226</a>.</span>
36. <span id="cite_note-TikToken-36">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-TikToken_36-0) <a href="https://github.com/openai/tiktoken" class="external text" rel="nofollow">tiktoken: a fast BPE tokeniser</a> // OpenAI on GitHub.</span>
37. <span id="cite_note-MoEShazeer-37">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-MoEShazeer_37-0) Shazeer, Noam; Mirhoseini, Azalia; Maziarz, Krzysztof; et al. (2017). *Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.06538" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:1701.06538</a>.</span>
38. <span id="cite_note-SwitchTransformers-38">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-SwitchTransformers_38-0) Fedus, William; Zoph, Barret; Shazeer, Noam (2021). *Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03961" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2101.03961</a>.</span>
39. <span id="cite_note-Llama3ModelCard-39">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama3ModelCard_39-0) <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/llama3/blob/main/MODEL_CARD.md" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 3 model card</a> // Meta on GitHub. 2024.</span>
40. <span id="cite_note-Llama4ModelCardGit-40">↑ <sup>[40.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4ModelCardGit_40-0)</sup> <sup>[40.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4ModelCardGit_40-1)</sup> <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama4/MODEL_CARD.md" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 4 model card</a> // Meta on GitHub. 2025.</span>
41. <span id="cite_note-GPT3-41">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-GPT3_41-0) Brown, Tom B.; Mann, Benjamin; Ryder, Nick; et al. (2020). *Language Models are Few-Shot Learners*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14165" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2005.14165</a>.</span>
42. <span id="cite_note-Chinchilla-42">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Chinchilla_42-0) Hoffmann, Jordan; Borgeaud, Sebastian; Mensch, Arthur; et al. (2022). *Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.15556" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2203.15556</a>.</span>
43. <span id="cite_note-PaLM-43">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-PaLM_43-0) Chowdhery, Aakanksha; Narang, Sharan; Devlin, Jacob; et al. (2022). *PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2204.02311</a>.</span>
44. <span id="cite_note-MMLUPro-44">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-MMLUPro_44-0) Wang, Yubo; Ma, Xueguang; Zhang, Ge; et al. (2024). *MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmark*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.01574" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2406.01574</a>.</span>
45. <span id="cite_note-LiveCodeBench-45">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-LiveCodeBench_45-0) Jain, Naman; Han, King; Gu, Alex; et al. (2024). *LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Code*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07974" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2403.07974</a>.</span>
46. <span id="cite_note-MMMU-46">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-MMMU_46-0) Yue, Xiang; Ni, Yuansheng; Zhang, Kai; et al. (2023). *MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGI*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.16502" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2311.16502</a>.</span>
47. <span id="cite_note-Llama3License-47">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama3License_47-0) <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/llama3/blob/main/LICENSE" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Meta Llama 3 Community License Agreement</a> // Meta on GitHub.</span>
48. <span id="cite_note-Llama31License-48">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama31License_48-0) <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama3_1/LICENSE" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 3.1 Community License Agreement</a> // Meta on GitHub.</span>
49. <span id="cite_note-Llama32License-49">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama32License_49-0) <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama3_2/LICENSE" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 3.2 Community License Agreement</a> // Meta on GitHub.</span>
50. <span id="cite_note-Llama32Policy-50">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama32Policy_50-0) <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama3_2/USE_POLICY.md" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 3.2 Acceptable Use Policy</a> // Meta on GitHub.</span>
51. <span id="cite_note-Llama4License-51">↑ <sup>[51.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4License_51-0)</sup> <sup>[51.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4License_51-1)</sup> <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama4/LICENSE" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 4 Community License Agreement</a> // Meta on GitHub. 2025.</span>
52. <span id="cite_note-Llama4Policy-52">↑ <sup>[52.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Policy_52-0)</sup> <sup>[52.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama4Policy_52-1)</sup> <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama4/USE_POLICY.md" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama 4 Acceptable Use Policy</a> // Meta on GitHub.</span>
53. <span id="cite_note-ZuckOpenLetter-53">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ZuckOpenLetter_53-0) <a href="https://about.fb.com/news/2024/07/open-source-ai-is-the-path-forward/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Open Source AI Is the Path Forward</a> // Meta. 2024-07-23.</span>
54. <span id="cite_note-ReutersMuse-54">↑ <sup>[54.0](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ReutersMuse_54-0)</sup> <sup>[54.1](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ReutersMuse_54-1)</sup> <a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/technology/ai/articles/meta-debuts-muse-spark-1-140113992.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Meta debuts Muse Spark 1.1 model with preview open to developers</a> // Reuters (via Yahoo Finance). 2026-07-09.</span>
55. <span id="cite_note-Zoom-55">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Zoom_55-0) <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/llama-zoom-ai-companion/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Zoom leverages Llama in its federated approach to AI</a> // Meta AI. 2024-08-09.</span>
56. <span id="cite_note-LlamaAdoption-56">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-LlamaAdoption_56-0) <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/llama-usage-doubled-may-through-july-2024/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">With 10x growth since 2023, Llama is the leading engine of AI innovation</a> // Meta AI. 2024-08-29.</span>
57. <span id="cite_note-SpaceLlama-57">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-SpaceLlama_57-0) <a href="https://about.fb.com/news/2025/04/space-llama-metas-open-source-ai-model-heading-into-orbit/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Space Llama: Meta's Open Source AI Model Is Heading Into Orbit</a> // Meta. 2025-04-25.</span>
58. <span id="cite_note-NationalSecurity-58">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-NationalSecurity_58-0) <a href="https://about.fb.com/news/2024/11/open-source-ai-america-global-security/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Open Source AI Can Help America Lead in AI and Strengthen Global Security</a> // Meta. 2024-11-04.</span>
59. <span id="cite_note-LlamaStack-59">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-LlamaStack_59-0) <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-stack" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Llama Stack</a> // Meta on GitHub.</span>
60. <span id="cite_note-Llama31Safety-60">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-Llama31Safety_60-0) <a href="https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3-1-ai-responsibility/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Expanding our open source large language models responsibly</a> // Meta AI. 2024.</span>
61. <span id="cite_note-PurpleLlama-61">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-PurpleLlama_61-0) <a href="https://github.com/meta-llama/PurpleLlama" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Purple Llama: A set of tools to assess and improve LLM security</a> // Meta on GitHub.</span>
62. <span id="cite_note-LlamaGuard-62">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-LlamaGuard_62-0) Inan, Hakan; Upasani, Kartikeya; Chi, Jianfeng; et al. (2023). *Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversations*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.06674" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2312.06674</a>.</span>
63. <span id="cite_note-CyberSecEval-63">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-CyberSecEval_63-0) Bhatt, Manish; Chennabasappa, Sahana; Nikolaidis, Cyrus; et al. (2023). *Purple Llama CyberSecEval: A Secure Coding Benchmark for Language Models*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.04724" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2312.04724</a>.</span>
64. <span id="cite_note-ChatbotArena-64">[↑](https://systems-analysis.info/eng/LLaMA_(Meta_AI)#cite_ref-ChatbotArena_64-0) Chiang, Wei-Lin; Zheng, Lianmin; Sheng, Ying; et al. (2024). *Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preference*. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.04132" class="external text" rel="nofollow">arXiv:2403.04132</a>.</span>
